Survey on Terahertz Nanocommunication and Networking: A Top-Down Perspective

Abstract

2019 1 THz communication Features of the THz band; THz macro and nanoscale applications; design requirements for THz MAC protocols; classification of existing MAC protocols; open challenges for MAC protocols. Alsheikh et al. [15] 2016 THz nanocommunication Existing MAC protocols for WNSN; performance analysis and design guidelines for WNSN MAC protocols. Petrov et al. [14] 2016 THz communication SotA in THz band communication; engineering trade-offs in typical applications; open challenges and research directions in THz band communication. Dressler et al. [19] 2015 Internet of Nano-Things Bridging the outside world and in-body nanonodes for health-care applications; IoNT network architectures; simulation tools for in-body nanonetworks. Miraz et al. [20] 2015 Internet of Nano-Things Short overview and future research directions pertaining to the Internet of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE), and IoNT. Akyildiz et al. [21] 2015 Internet of Nano-Things Introduction to the Internet of Bio-Nano Things (IoBNT); bridging the outside world and the IoBNT; open challenges in the IoBNT. Akyildiz et al. [12] 2014 THz communication SotA in THz band transceivers and antennas; open challenges from communication and networking perspectives. Akyildiz et al. [13] 2014 THz communication THz band applications at macro and nanoscale; SotA in THz band transceivers and antennas; open challenges from communication and networking perspectives; simulation and experimentation tools for THz band communication. Balasubramaniam et al. [18] 2013 Internet of Nano-Things Challenges in realizing the IoNT (data collection and routing, bridging the outside world and nanonetworks, etc.); possible IoNT applications. Rikhtegar et al. [3] 2013 THz nanocommunication Molecular and electromagnetic (THz) communication for nanoscale applications; summary of nanoscale communication paradigms and potential applications. Jornet et al.[22] 2012 Internet of Nano-Things SotA, open challenges, and research directions in the THz nanocommunication and Internet of Multimedia Nano-Things (IoMNT). Akyildiz et al. [7] 2010 THz nanocommunication SotA in nanodevice technology; summaries of WNSN applications and architectures; overview of nanocommunication and networking challenges. Akyildiz et al. [17] 2010 Internet of Nano-Things SotA in THz nanocommunication for the IoNT; research challenges (channel modeling, information encoding, and protocols for the IoNT).

Internet of Bio-Nano Things: A Review of Applications, Enabling Technologies and Key Challenges

“…3) Other Nanocommunication Modalities for IoBNT: a) THz-band Electromagnetic Nanocommunication: Conventional electromagnetic (EM) communication is not deemed suitable for IoBNT because the size of BNTs would demand extremely high operating frequencies [93]. Fortunately, graphene-based nanoantennas based on surface plasmon polariton (SPP) waves have been shown to support frequencies down to 0.1 THz, much lower than their metallic counterparts, promising for the development of high-bandwidth EM nanonetworks of nanomaterial-based BNTs using the unutilized THz-band (0.1-10 THz) [94].…”

Toward Localization in Terahertz-Operating Energy Harvesting Software-Defined Metamaterials: Context Analysis

“…In the operational phase, the energy is consumed in the reception of an 8 bits long packet, with the bits of the packet (i.e., logical "0"s and "1"s) being drawn from a uniform distribution. The reception of such a packet models the control of a nanonode for which an 8 bits long packet is usually used [1,2]. The default operational bandwidth is set to 10 GHz, as there are several windows that can provide such (or more) bandwidth at THz frequencies [22].…”

“…Metamaterials are manufactured structures with engineered properties that will enable controlled manipulation (e.g., transmission, reflection, absorption) of electromagnetic waves [1,2]. To enable the real-time control of metamaterial elements, Liaskos et al [3] proposed Software-Defined Metamaterials (SDMs).…”

“…We do that for a case of highly energy-constrained SDMs, in which harvesting the environmental energy is the sole powering option for the metamaterial elements. This is done as it is expected that such energy harvesting SDMs will mostly be utilized in the future, primarily to reduce the form-factor of SDMs by removing the need for wiring [1]. Borrowing the knowledge of traditional localization utilizing Radio Frequency (RF) signals, we demonstrate the feasibility of localizing SDM elements in the above-described setup by utilizing THz frequencies (i.e., 300 GHz to 10 THz).…”

An Analytical Model for Efficient Indoor THz Access Point Deployment

“…As we move higher in the frequency, losses such as spreading with distance, absorption due to water vapor, and penetration through objects, increases, which can limit the effective communication to short ranges, i.e., < 10m [2]. THz spectrum is sandwiched between the microwave and infrared bands, which makes it both beneficial and challenging for deployment [2]- [4]. On the one hand, THz is not so sensitive to particles and objects compared to infrared bands, while, on the other hand, it has more green-filed contiguous spectrum compared to mmWave bands.…”