Surveys of soil and water reveal a goldmine of Phytophthora diversity in South African natural ecosystems

Oh, Eunsung; Gryzenhout, Marieka; Wingfield, Brenda D.; Wingfield, Michael J.; Burgess, Treena I.

doi:10.5598/imafungus.2013.04.01.12

Cited by 62 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Using traditional isolation techniques, Phytophthora assemblages have been characterised in Europe and North America , Argentina (Greslebin et al 2005) and South Africa (Oh et al 2013) with many of the same taxa isolated from trees, soil or water samples. The few metabarcoding studies of Phytophthora communities reveal an ever-increasing diversity.…”

Section: Phytophthora Species Detected Within Australiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and diversity of Phytophthora across Australia

Burgess

White

McDougall

et al. 2017

Pac. Conserv. Biol.

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The introduction and subsequent impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi within native vegetation is one of the major conservation issues for biodiversity in Australia. Recently, many new Phytophthora species have been described from Australia's native ecosystems; however, their distribution, origin, and potential impact remain unknown. Historical bias in Phytophthora detection has been towards sites showing symptoms of disease, and traditional isolation methods show variable effectiveness of detecting different Phytophthora species. However, we now have at our disposal new techniques based on the sampling of environmental DNA and metabarcoding through the use of highthroughput sequencing. Here, we report on the diversity and distribution of Phytophthora in Australia using metabarcoding of 640 soil samples and we compare the diversity detected using this technique with that available in curated databases. Phytophthora was detected in 65% of sites, and phylogenetic analysis revealed 68 distinct Phytophthora phylotypes. Of these, 21 were identified as potentially unique taxa and 25 were new detections in natural areas and/or new introductions to Australia. There are 66 Phytophthora taxa listed in Australian databases, 43 of which were also detected in this metabarcoding study. This study revealed high Phytophthora richness within native vegetation and the additional records provide a valuable baseline resource for future studies. Many of the Phytophthora species now uncovered in Australia's native ecosystems are newly described and until more is known we need to be cautious with regard to the spread and conservation management of these new species in Australia's unique ecosystems.

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Section: Phytophthora Species Detected Within Australiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and diversity of Phytophthora across Australia

Burgess

White

McDougall

et al. 2017

Pac. Conserv. Biol.

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“…in the case of P. chlamydospora (Brasier et al 2003, Schwingle et al 2007). Phytophthora chlamydospora recently was identified from soil and streams from the Mpumalanga and KwaZuluNatal provinces of South Africa (Oh et al 2013). It is not yet known what plants these species infect in South Africa, but Salix spp.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent investigation, conducted more or less at the same time as the present study, found a great diversity of Phytophthora spp. from soil and water samples from several woody ecosystems of South Africa (Oh et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

MultiplePhytophthoraspecies associated with a single riparian ecosystem in South Africa

Nagel¹,

Slippers²,

Wingfield

et al. 2015

Mycologia

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The diversity of Phytophthora spp. in rivers and riparian ecosystems has received considerable international attention, although little such research has been conducted in South Africa. This study determined the diversity of Phytophthora spp. within a single river in Gauteng province of South Africa. Samples were collected over 1 y including biweekly river baiting with Rhododendron indicum leaves. Phytophthora isolates were identified with phylogenetic analyses of sequences for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (coxI) gene. Eight Phytophthora spp. were identified, including a new taxon, P. taxon Sisulu-river, and two hybrid species from Cooke's ITS clade 6. Of these, species from Clade 6 were the most abundant, including P. chlamydospora and P. lacustris. Species residing in Clade 2 also were encountered, including P. multivora, P. plurivora and P. citrophthora. The detection of eight species in this investigation of Phytophthora diversity in a single riparian river ecosystem in northern South Africa adds to the known diversity of this genus in South Africa and globally.

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“…However, this assumption is now being cast in doubt due to the widespread identification of Phytophthora spp. in streams and forests from across the globe (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13). Currently, these species are hypothesized to be waterborne opportunistic pathogens, foliar pathogens, and fine-root or canker pathogens (14).…”

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Phytophthora Species in Rivers and Streams of the Southwestern United States

Stamler

Sanogo

Goldberg

et al. 2016

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Phytophthora species were isolated from rivers and streams in the southwestern United States by leaf baiting and identified by sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA (rDNA). The major waterways examined included the Rio Grande River, Gila River, Colorado River, and San Juan River. The most prevalent species identified in rivers and streams were Phytophthora lacustris and P. riparia, both members of Phytophthora ITS clade 6. P. gonapodyides, P. cinnamomi, and an uncharacterized Phytophthora species in clade 9 were also recovered. In addition, six isolates recovered from the Rio Grande River were shown to be hybrids of P. lacustris ؋ P. riparia. Pathogenicity assays using P. riparia and P. lacustris failed to produce any disease symptoms on commonly grown crops in the southwestern United States. Inoculation of Capsicum annuum with P. riparia was shown to inhibit disease symptom development when subsequently challenged with P. capsici, a pathogenic Phytophthora species. IMPORTANCEMany Phytophthora species are significant plant pathogens causing disease on a large variety of crops worldwide. Closer examinations of streams, rivers, and forest soils have also identified numerous Phytophthora species that do not appear to be phytopathogens and likely act as early saprophytes in aquatic and saturated environments. To date, the Phytophthora species composition in rivers and streams of the southwestern United States has not been evaluated. This article details a study to determine the identity and prevalence of Phytophthora species in rivers and streams located in New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Utah, and Texas. Isolated species were evaluated for pathogenicity on crop plants and for their potential to act as biological control agents.

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Surveys of soil and water reveal a goldmine of Phytophthora diversity in South African natural ecosystems

Cited by 62 publications

References 36 publications

Distribution and diversity of Phytophthora across Australia

Distribution and diversity of Phytophthora across Australia

MultiplePhytophthoraspecies associated with a single riparian ecosystem in South Africa

Phytophthora Species in Rivers and Streams of the Southwestern United States

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