“…While the COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented, global supply chains have been disrupted in other situations since different kinds and magnitudes of crisis that affect businesses occur periodically around the globe ( Krammer, 2022 ). For example, the world has witnessed several epidemics (SARS, swine flu/H1N1, MERS, and Ebola) ( Park et al, 2022 ), natural disasters (wildfires, volcanic eruptions, floods, earthquakes, and tsunamis) ( El Korchi, 2022 ), and financial crisis ( Chang et al, 2022 ). However, these historical events did not have similar impacts on the economy and society similar to the recent outbreak ( Bai et al, 2020 ).…”