Survival and cause‐specific mortality rates of female sika deer in eastern Hokkaido, Japan

Uno, Hiroyuki; Kaji, Koichi

doi:10.1007/s11284-005-0111-4

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…In eastern Hokkaido, occasional predation and scavenging by the brown bear Ursus arctos yesoensis is observed. Although recent research on cause‐specific mortality rates of the eastern Hokkaido sika deer showed that harvesting mortality was higher than natural mortality (Uno & Kaji, 2006), severe winters and resulting food scarcity are the dominant source of natural mortality in the northern populations (Takatsuki, 2006).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between food habits, molar wear and life expectancy in wild sika deer populations

et al. 2010

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Functionality of cheek teeth is essential for ruminants to masticate plant materials thoroughly and promote microbial degradation in their rumens. Thus, an excessive rate of tooth wear is expected to lead to premature loss of tooth functionality, and hence to reduced longevity. So far, however, the relationships between food habits, molar wear and longevity have not been investigated. We first compared molar wear rates among nine sika deer Cervus nippon populations with different food habits. We then investigated correlations between molar wear rate and two ecological factors, percentage of graminoids in diet and annual precipitation, relating to intrinsic and extrinsic abrasiveness of the ingested food, respectively. Secondly, we estimated 'retained molar durability' (molar height at a given age divided by wear rate) at successive ages for each population, and tested for correlation between molar durability and life expectancy among populations. The M 1 and M 3 wear rates differed among the populations and showed a positive correlation with graminoid consumption and a negative correlation with precipitation, suggesting that both ecological factors influence molar wear rates in the Japanese sika deer. M 3 durability had a stronger correlation with life expectancy than M 1 durability, especially at the older age stages. This implies that the influence of M 3 durability on life expectancy becomes stronger at the time when the M 1 is severely worn and loses its functionality, and is therefore more important for life span elongation than the M 1 . These results are concordant with the fact that the M 3 is the most hypsodont molar in many ungulates. In the Japanese sika deer, microevolutionary acquisition of hypsodonty appears to be the case in a northern population (the Kinkazan Island), whose molar wear rates are extremely rapid due to their food habits.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between food habits, molar wear and life expectancy in wild sika deer populations

et al. 2010

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“…The individuals may inhabit the wetland to avoid hunting risk ( Lone et al, 2015 ) as the majority of this area is a Wildlife Protection Area, which could allow these individuals to continue to increase until reaching the carrying capacity of the wetland. After the extinction of the gray wolf around 1890 ( Inukai, 1933 ) in Hokkaido, the main cause of deer mortality in eastern Hokkaido has primarily been harvest by hunters with adult female mortality rates estimated at 0.118 (harvest) and 0.053 (natural) ( Uno & Kaji, 2006 ). Furthermore, movements of some Takkobu individuals that exhibited atypical movements, such as leaving the wetland for surrounding areas and establishing new home ranges there, indicated that Kushiro Wetland may be a population source in eastern Hokkaido.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal and year-round use of the Kushiro Wetland, Hokkaido, Japan by sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis)

Hino

Kamii

Murai

et al. 2017

PeerJ

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The sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) population in the Ramsar-listed Kushiro Wetland has increased in recent years, and the Ministry of the Environment of Japan has decided to take measures to reduce the impact of deer on the ecosystem. However, seasonal movement patterns of the deer (i.e., when and where the deer inhabit the wetland) remain unclear. We examined the seasonal movement patterns of sika deer in the Kushiro Wetland from 2013 to 2015 by analyzing GPS location data for 28 hinds captured at three sites in the wetland. Seasonal movement patterns were quantitatively classified as seasonal migration, mixed, dispersal, nomadic, resident, or atypical, and the degree of wetland utilization for each individual was estimated. The area of overlap for each individual among intra-capture sites and inter-capture sites was calculated for the entire year and for each season. Our results showed that the movement patterns of these deer were classified not only as resident but also as seasonal migration, dispersal, and atypical. Approximately one-third of the individuals moved into and out of the wetland during the year as either seasonal migrants or individuals with atypical movement. Some of the individuals migrated to farmland areas outside the wetland (the farthest being 69.9 km away). Half of the individuals inhabited the wetland all or most of the year, i.e., 81–100% of their annual home range was within the wetland area. Even among individuals captured at the same site, different seasonal movement patterns were identified. The overlap areas of the home ranges of individuals from the same capture sites were larger than those for individuals from different capture sites (e.g., mean of annual home range overlap with intra-capture sites: 47.7% vs. inter-sites: 1.3%). To achieve more effective ecosystem management including deer management in the wetland, management plans should cover inside and outside of the wetland and separate the population into multiple management units to address the different movement patterns and wetland utilization of the population.

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“…and from 1 November to 28 February in the fiscal year 2000. We analyzed relationships using a model II regression analysis using spotlight count data as the independent variable, and data from aerial surveys, CPUE, SPUE, and cost of damage as dependent variables (Sokal and Rohlf 1995). We used the major axis method and estimated the slope of dependent variables on the independent variable using JMP 5.1.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, N.C.).…”

Section: Hunting Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The estimation and evaluation of population sizes and trends is essential for conserving and managing wildlife populations (Begon et al 1996;Thompson et al 1998). However, the real absolute size of wildlife populations is often unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the real absolute size of wildlife populations is often unknown. Since complete counts across entire study areas are rarely possible, incomplete counts such as index methods can be useful (Thompson et al 1998). Indices of relative density, such as track counts, pellet group counts, spotlight surveys, and catch per unit effort (CPUE), have often been used to evaluate the status or trends of large mammal populations (Caughley 1977).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of relative density indices for sika deer in eastern Hokkaido, Japan

Uno¹,

Kaji²,

Saitoh

et al. 2006

Ecological Research

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We evaluated relative density indices of sika deer (Cervus nippon) to aid in population management. We monitored sika deer population trends from 1992 to 2002 in the eastern part of Hokkaido Island, northern Japan, using spotlight surveys, aerial surveys, catch per unit effort (CPUE), sighting per unit effort (SPUE), and cost of damage to agriculture and forestry. We assumed that the artificial bias in the spotlight index would be lower than in other indices, and compared temporal patterns of other indices to those produced using spotlight surveys using model II regression. There was a significant correlation between the damage cost index and the spotlight index, and both indices indicated consistent population trends. Managers used CPUE as a tool to determine hunting quota efficiency. The SPUE index had the smallest standard error among the indices, and the spotlight survey index had the second smallest standard error. Overall, the spotlight survey was the most useful index because its estimate error was small and it was precise in showing population trends; however, spotlight surveys did lead to underestimation once in 1994. The SPUE index seems to be effective in checking the validity of the spotlight index, but there are so many environmental and demographic uncertainties that several independent indices should be used and crosschecked for accurate evaluation of population trends.

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Survival and cause‐specific mortality rates of female sika deer in eastern Hokkaido, Japan

Cited by 15 publications

References 16 publications

The relationship between food habits, molar wear and life expectancy in wild sika deer populations

The relationship between food habits, molar wear and life expectancy in wild sika deer populations

Seasonal and year-round use of the Kushiro Wetland, Hokkaido, Japan by sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis)

Evaluation of relative density indices for sika deer in eastern Hokkaido, Japan

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