Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Khan, Anas; AlRuthia, Yazed; Balkhi, Bander; Alghadeer, Sultan; Temsah, Mohamad-Hani; Althunayyan, Saqer M; Alsofayan, Yousef M.

doi:10.3390/ijerph17207458

Cited by 68 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…We report an average hospital admission cost of US$12,637.42, which is almost double China's published cost of US$6,827 from 70 empirically observed cases [14] but is similar to the US$12,547 reported in a study from Saudi Arabia. [15] However, when interpreting average admission costs, the disease severity profile of the population must be considered. In our study, the average cost of admission was US$20,002.80 for the hospitalized severe cases admitted to ICU [12] (who accounted for 51.7%) and US$4,839.57 for the other cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The average hospital admission cost of US$12,637.42 is similar to the model means of US$12,264, which was predicted using data for severe pneumonia hospitalizations due to H1N1 in the USA, [21] and US$12,947, which was based on MERS-CoV data from Saudi Arabia. [15] The reported hospital costs of seasonal influenza infections are higher; a study described them to be US$34,743 for patients aged between 20 and 64 years. [22] Data about other epidemics showed that the cost of treatment of patients with pertussis ranged from $412-$555 [23] and estimated the cost for treating 11 patients with Ebola virus disease during the 2014 outbreak in West Africa to be US$1.2 million in a treatment center in the USA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unraveling COVID-19-related hospital costs: The impact of clinical and demographic conditions

Miethke-Morais

Cassenote

Piva

et al. 2020

Preprint

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IntroductionAlthough patients’ clinical conditions were previously shown to be associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity and outcomes, their impact on hospital costs is not known. The economic evaluation of COVID-19 admissions allows the assessment of hospital costs associated with the treatment of these patients, including the main cost components and costs driven by demographic and clinical conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the COVID-19 hospitalization-related costs and their association with clinical conditions.MethodsProspective observational cohort study of the hospitalization costs of patients with COVID-19 admitted between March 30 and June 30, 2020, who were followed until discharge, death, or external transfer, using micro-costing methodology. The study was carried out in the Central Institute of the Hospital das Clinicas, affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, which is the largest hospital complex in Latin America and was designated to exclusively admit COVID-19 patients during the pandemic response.ResultsThe average cost of the 3,254 admissions (51.7% of which involved intensive care unit (ICU) stays) was US$12,637.42. Overhead cost was the main cost component, followed by daily fixed costs and drugs. Sex, age and underlying hypertension (US$14,746.77), diabetes (US$15,002.12), obesity (US$18,941.55), cancer (US$10,315.06), chronic renal failure (US$15,377.84), and rheumatic (US$17,764.61), hematologic (US$15,908.25) and neurologic diseases (US$15,257.95) were significantly associated with higher costs. Age >69 years, RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19, comorbidities, the use of mechanical ventilation, dialysis, or surgery, and poor outcomes remained significantly associated with higher costs after model adjustment.ConclusionKnowledge of COVID-19-associated hospital costs and their impact across different populations can aid in the development of a generalizable and comprehensive approach to hospital preparedness, decision-making and planning for future risk management. Determining the disease-associated costs is the first step in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of treatments and vaccination programs.SUMMARY BOXQuestionWhat are the COVID-19 hospitalization-related costs?FindingsIn this prospective cohort that was carried out in a single reference quaternary center designated for the treatment of severe cases of COVID-19, more than three thousand patients were included, and their costs of hospitalization were found to be directly related to the age and comorbidities. The costs were more than 50% higher in older patients, 10-24% higher in patients with comorbidities, and 24-200% higher when additional therapeutic procedures were required.MeaningDetermining the disease-associated costs is the first step in conducting future evaluations of the cost-effectiveness of treatments and vaccination programs, supporting their implementation with a comprehensive population-based approach.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling COVID-19-related hospital costs: The impact of clinical and demographic conditions

Miethke-Morais

Cassenote

Piva

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Also, the authors in [51] estimated the statistic COVID-19 cases in Saudi Arabia, where the ratio of patients for the general medical ward was at 84.39%, with an average cost of US$11,385.18 per patient, and the percentage of those entering into intensive care unit was 15.61%, and its mean cost per patient was US$ 21,173.22. Additionally, a few related reports estimated the average cost for a hospitalized case as US$2.395 in China [52] , US$ 4,633.43 in India [53] , US$10,000 in Canada [40] , and US$ 12,916.31 in Sweden [54] .…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We will assume that the potential cost for the critical case is US$ 21,173.22 as in the study [51] , the potential cost for the severe case is US$ 3045, and the potential cost for mild illness is US$96 such as in the study [45] . We calculate the percentages for these categories based on the real data from GitHub repository [55] .…”

Section: The Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 Global Humanitarian Response Plan: An optimal distribution model for high-priority countries

Hezam

2022

ISA Transactions

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Background: The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread rapidly worldwide, and the outbreak of the disease was designated a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. Such outbreaks would certainly be catastrophic for some of the best-ranked health systems and would be more catastrophic in countries with more fragile health systems. Accordingly, the World Health Organization and other organizations have been appealing to donor countries to support a rapid response plan. The primary objectives of this response plan are to appeal for funds from donors and to distribute these funds to the most affected countries based on the requirements. Methods: In this study, we developed a mathematical model to provide initial insights into the efficient and equitable distribution of urgent funds to high-priority countries. Three phases were proposed for the construction of this mathematical model. In the first phase, the final epidemic sizes in all the target countries were predicted by using three epidemiological models. In the second phase, the urgent requirements for each country were estimated in parallel with the estimates issued by the humanitarian response plan, based on the size of the epidemic and several other factors. In the third and final phase, a multi-objective optimization model was proposed. The first objective was to maximize the funds from donors to cover all the requirements. The second objective was to minimize the unmet demands by ensuring a fair distribution of the urgent funds based on the requirements of the target countries. Results: Predictions of the basic reproduction numbers and the final epidemic sizes were calculated for all target countries. The urgent requirements were estimated, and the requirements issued by the humanitarian response plan for all target countries were also considered. Moreover, a proposed response plan for the distribution network was demonstrated. Donors must provide urgent funds exceeding US$ 2,608,084,209 to cover at least 40 % of each target country’s requirements. Overall, results demonstrate the importance of an urgent and fair distribution of funds to the target countries to overcome the outbreak of COVID-19. Conclusions: Rapid responses by donor countries to humanitarian appeals will facilitate the immediate and fair distribution of relief supplies to the poorest countries. This distribution may help to support health systems, restrain the spread of COVID-19, and prevent an unlimited catastrophe.

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“…There is an error in the title. The correct title of the article [ 1 ] is “Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia”. We apologize for this error and state that the scientific conclusions are unaffected.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Erratum: Khan, A.A., et al. Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Short Title: COVID-19 Survival and Cost in Saudi Arabia). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7458

Khan

AlRuthia

Balkhi

et al. 2020

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Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Cited by 68 publications

References 32 publications

Unraveling COVID-19-related hospital costs: The impact of clinical and demographic conditions

Unraveling COVID-19-related hospital costs: The impact of clinical and demographic conditions

COVID-19 Global Humanitarian Response Plan: An optimal distribution model for high-priority countries

Erratum: Khan, A.A., et al. Survival and Estimation of Direct Medical Costs of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Short Title: COVID-19 Survival and Cost in Saudi Arabia). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7458

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