Survival and Movements of Fledgling Willow and Dusky Flycatchers

Vormwald, Lisa M.; Morrison, Michael L.; Mathewson, Heather A.; Cocimano, M. Constanza; Collier, Bret A.

doi:10.1525/cond.2011.110009

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…), and particularly high post‐fledging survival has been reported for Burrowing Owls (Davies and Restani ), Red‐bellied Woodpeckers ( Melanerpes carolinus , Cox and Kesler ), and Dusky Flycatchers ( Empidonax oberholseri , Vormwald et al. ). Four species in South Africa had first‐week survival rates close to 1.0, including Bar‐throated Apalises ( Apalis thoracica ), Cape Robin‐Chats ( Cossypha caffra ), Cape Penduline Tits ( Anthoscopus minutus ), and Karoo Prinias ( Prinia maculosa ) (Lloyd and Martin ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Comparatively low post-fledging survival rates (weeks 1-2) have, for example, been reported for Florida Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma coerulsecens, Woolfenden 1978), Whinchats (Saxicola rubetra, Tome and Denac 2012), and Ring Ouzels (Turdus torquata, Sim et al 2013), and particularly high post-fledging survival has been reported for Burrowing Owls (Davies and Restani 2006), Red-bellied Woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus, Cox and Kesler 2012), and Dusky Flycatchers (Empidonax oberholseri, Vormwald et al 2011). Four species in South Africa had first-week survival rates close to 1.0, including Bar-throated Apalises (Apalis thoracica), Cape Robin-Chats (Cossypha caffra), Cape Penduline Tits (Anthoscopus minutus), and Karoo Prinias (Prinia maculosa) (Lloyd and Martin 2016).…”

Section: Box 1 Controversial Evidence -A Life-history Paradoxmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post‐fledging survival of altricial birds: ecological determinants and adaptation

2016

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For altricial young, fledging is an abrupt step into an unknown environment. Despite increasing numbers of studies addressing the post-fledging period, our current knowledge of the causes and consequences of post-fledging survival remains fragmentary. Here, we review the literature on post-fledging survival of juvenile altricial birds, addressing the following main questions: Is low post-fledging survival a bottleneck in the altricial reproductive cycle? What is known of proximate and ultimate causal factors such as trophic relations (food and predation), habitat conditions, or abiotic factors acting in the post-fledging period? We analyzed weekly survival estimates from 123 data series based on studies of 65 species, covering weeks 1-13 post-fledging. As a general pattern, survival of fledglings was low during the first week post-fledging (median rate = 0.83), and improved rapidly with time post-fledging (week 4 median rate = 0.96). For ground-nesting species, survival immediately after leaving nests was similar to egg-to-fledging survival. For species breeding above-ground, survival during the first week post-fledging was substantially lower than during both the nestling period and later post-fledging stages. Thus, the early post-fledging period is a bottleneck of markedly elevated mortality for most altricial species. Predation was the main proximate cause of mortality. Various factors such as habitat, annual and seasonal variation in the environment, and the physical condition of fledglings have been found to affect post-fledging survival. Individual survival depended strongly on physical traits such as mass and wing length, which likely influence the ability of fledglings to escape predation. Trophic relationships at various levels are the main ultimate driver of adaptation of traits relevant to survival during the pre-and post-fledging periods. Spatiotemporal dynamics of food resources determine the physical development of juveniles and, in turn, their performance after fledging. However, predators can cause quick and efficient selection for fledgling traits and adult breeding decisions. Parental strategies related to clutch size and timing of breeding, and the age and developmental stage at which young fledge have substantial effects on post-fledging survival. The intensity and duration of post-fledging parental investment also influences fledgling survival. Post-fledging mortality is therefore not a random and inevitable loss. Traits and strategies related to fledging and the post-fledging stage create large fitness differentials and, therefore, are integral, yet poorly understood, parts of the altricial reproductive strategy. RESUMEN Supervivencia de aves altriciales luego de salir del nido: determinantes ecol ogicos y adaptaci on Para juveniles altriciales, salir del nido es un paso abrupto hacia un ambiente desconocido. A pesar del incremento en los estudios investigando el periodo posterior a la salida, nuestro conocimiento actual de las causas y consecuencias de la supervivencia luego de salir del n...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Box 1 Controversial Evidence -A Life-history Paradoxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post‐fledging survival of altricial birds: ecological determinants and adaptation

2016

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“…However, we frequently located post‐breeding warblers in areas outside of breeding season territories. This may be a product of the tendency for the home ranges of post‐breeding birds to be larger than breeding season territories (Vitz and Rodewald , Vormwald et al ). Movements of juvenile birds from the nest site often occur gradually and increase with age (Vitz and Rodewald , Rush and Stutchbury , Vormwald et al ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a forest pathogen on habitat selection and quality for the endangered golden‐cheeked warbler

et al. 2013

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Oak wilt is a fatal forest disease caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fagacearum. Loss or degradation of habitat caused by oak wilt may negatively affect forest songbirds, including the federally endangered golden-cheeked warbler (Setophaga chrysoparia), a species that breeds exclusively in the Ashe juniper-oak woodlands (Juniperus ashei-Quercus spp.) of central Texas, USA. During 2010 and 2011, we investigated the influence of oak wilt on golden-cheeked warbler habitat selection and quality at 25 study sites that each contained forest affected by oak wilt and unaffected forest. We assessed habitat selection in terms of use versus availability at 2 scales: within the patch and within the territory. We also assessed post-breeding use of affected forest by comparing detection densities in affected and unaffected forest. To assess the influence of oak wilt on habitat quality, we compared the reproductive outcome of territories in unaffected and affected areas. We assessed within-patch habitat selection for 67 territories and found that golden-cheeked warblers used affected forest significantly less than its availability. We found use of affected forest to be variable within the 14 territories that contained affected forest in >10% of their area. Post-breeding use of affected forest was also variable. Pairing success was 27% lower for males whose territories contained >10% affected forest but fledging success was not affected. Our results suggest that the presence of oak wilt negatively influences habitat selection and quality for golden-cheeked warblers, likely due to reduced canopy cover in susceptible oak species. Ó 2013 The Wildlife Society.

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“…Black‐capped vireo fledgling survival estimates in Kerr County are similar to other songbirds (e.g., western bluebirds [ Sialia mexicana ; Wightman ], dickcissels [ Spiza americana ; Suedkamp Wells et al ], and eastern meadowlarks [ Sturnella magna ; Kershner et al ]), though we think our estimates for vireo fledgling survival are conservative. Unlike other songbirds, such as willow flycatchers ( Empidonax trailii ) and western bluebirds that remain in family groups after fledging (Wightman , Vormwald et al ), black‐capped vireos may split broods between the adults (T. L. Pope, personal observation; Grzybowski ). Fledglings of species that remain in family groups are easier to relocate by finding the adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blackcapped vireo fledglings are more difficult to resight during the first couple of weeks post-fledging because they stay well hidden in the vegetation and stop moving and making begging calls once the adults discover the observer and persist in incessant alarm calling (T.L. Pope, personal observation Unlike other songbirds, such as willow flycatchers (Empidonax trailii) and western bluebirds that remain in family groups after fledging (Wightman 2009, Vormwald et al 2011, black-capped vireos may split broods between the adults (T. L. Pope, personal observation; Grzybowski 1995). Fledglings of species that remain in family groups are easier to relocate by finding the adults.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Woodlands as quality breeding habitat for black-capped vireos

2013

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Identifying vegetation types that result in the highest quality habitat will help direct management and conservation activities designed to recover endangered species. Shrubland is considered to result in high quality habitat for black-capped vireos (Vireo atricapilla), whereas deciduous and oak-juniper woodlands are considered to result in marginal habitat (i.e., lower quality). We investigated differences in nest and fledgling survival among shrubland and woodland vegetation types. We monitored 302 black-capped vireo nests in 259 territories from 2008 to 2010 in Kerr County, Texas and collected vegetation data at each nest. We also resighted 350 fledglings to estimate individual survival. Nest survival and fecundity did not differ statistically among vegetation types. Although nest-site characteristics differed among vegetation types, none affected nest survival. Nests that were parasitized were less likely to survive and parasitism was the only variable to affect survival of those measured. Parasitism frequency was nearly twice as great in shrubland (22%) than in either woodland type (12% in each) and varied by year (31% in 2008 to 0% in 2010). Vegetation type and proximity of the nest to oak-juniper woodland did not affect fledgling survival. Our results suggest woodlands may result in good quality habitat in areas with large populations of black-capped vireos. Recognizing woodlands as non-typical, yet good quality, habitat will allow managers to incorporate these vegetation types into management plans and make recommendations for conservation incentive programs directed at private landowners. ß 2013 The Wildlife Society.

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Survival and Movements of Fledgling Willow and Dusky Flycatchers

Cited by 13 publications

References 57 publications

Post‐fledging survival of altricial birds: ecological determinants and adaptation

Post‐fledging survival of altricial birds: ecological determinants and adaptation

Effects of a forest pathogen on habitat selection and quality for the endangered golden‐cheeked warbler

Woodlands as quality breeding habitat for black-capped vireos

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