Survival and physiological response of Labeo victorianus (Pisces: Cyprinidae, Boulenger 1901) juveniles to transport stress under a salinity gradient

Oyoo–Okoth, Elijah; Cherop, L.; Ngugi, Charles C.; Chepkirui‐Boit, Victoria; Manguya-Lusega, David; Ani-Sabwa, J; Charo‐Karisa, Harrison

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.06.052

Cited by 37 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Whereas this practice has shown variable success depending on the fish species of study, it is not yet known why salt can sometimes help freshwater fish species to better respond to stress responses. It has been proposed that salt aids with osmoregulatory disturbances that occur during transport (Crosby et al, 2006; Oyoo-Okoth et al, 2011) but other mechanisms of action may also play a significant role. We hypothesize that the addition of salt to transport water aids with returning to homeostasis thanks to the effects of salt on skin mucosal immunity and the skin microbiota.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of transportation stress and addition of salt to transport water on the skin mucosal homeostasis of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Tacchi¹,

Lowrey²,

Musharrafieh³

et al. 2015

Aquaculture

116

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Transportation of live fish is a common practice among aquaculture facilities. Many studies have previously reported how transport elicits physiological stress responses and increases disease susceptibility in farmed fish. The aim of this work is to investigate the changes that the skin of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) experiences due to stress. Since NaCl is commonly added to transport water as a stress mitigator, the effects of salt addition on the skin mucosa and skin-associated bacteria were also examined. Three experimental groups (Control, post-transport no salt (PTNS) and post-transport with salt (PTS)) were analyzed in a 5-hour transport acute stress model. Results indicate that the skin mucosa and the skin-associated bacteria are affected by transport stress. Total numbers of culturable skin-associated bacteria increased by ~10-fold and ~50-fold in the PTS and PTNS groups, respectively. Compared to controls, MUC2 expression was increased by 5-fold and 2-fold in the PTNS and PTS groups, respectively. Claudin-7, 8d and 12 expression levels were higher in both PTNS and PTS groups whereas antimicrobial peptide gene expression was lower than controls. Expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGF-β but not IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α was up-regulated 2-3 fold in both the PTS and PTNS groups. The addition of salt diminished some of the physiological responses measured including the numbers of skin-associated bacteria. The responses recorded here appeared to be efficient at controlling bacterial translocation since stress did not lead to significant presence of bacteria in the liver or spleen of rainbow trout. When examining the ability of skin mucus to inhibit or promote growth of the bacterial pathogen Vibrio anguillarum, the skin mucus of PTS trout was more efficient at inhibiting V. anguillarum growth (20% inhibition) compared to control or PTNS mucus (11-12% inhibition). Our data clearly indicate the skin and skin microbiota of rainbow trout undergo important physiological responses during stress. The reduction in the magnitude of the skin responses recorded when salt was added to the transport water explains a new mechanism by which salt is an effective stress mitigator in some fish species. Aquaculture specialists will benefit from the present study by taking into consideration the importance of skin health during live transport.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of transportation stress and addition of salt to transport water on the skin mucosal homeostasis of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Tacchi¹,

Lowrey²,

Musharrafieh³

et al. 2015

Aquaculture

116

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“…Fish are also frequently taken from wild and transported for fattening or breeding purposes in restocking programmes (Marc ßalo et al 2008;Oyoo-Okoth et al 2011). In general, short transport of fish occurs on roads, fish are transported in varying amounts in closed plastic bags or in tanks.…”

Section: Short Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…secretion). For the freshwater species B. amazonicus, Bryconidae (Urbinati and Carneiro 2006) and potamodromous species Labeo victorianus, Cyprinidae (Oyoo-Okoth et al 2011), adding salt to transport water caused reduced stress. Marine fish transported in dilute seawater allowed the transport with higher biomass, reducing costs (Stieglitz et al 2012).…”

Section: Relevance Of the Characteristics Of The Species And Its Habitatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water conditions can, and most probably will, adversely change during fish transport. Fish transport is a global necessity, related to several activities/goals: (i) human feeding (Marc ßalo et al 2008;Reglero et al 2013); (ii) transport of fry from hatchery sites to growth/fattening ponds (Abreu et al 2008) or for human recreation fishing (angling); and (iii) transport of wild animals for aquaculture facilities (Marc ßalo et al 2008;Oyoo-Okoth et al 2011), release of juveniles for stocking programmes (Iversen et al 1998;Gomes et al 2003), for public aquaria Harmon 2009), for ornamental (Wright et al 2007;Gomes et al 2009;Brinn et al 2012), or even for research (Corrêa et al 2014). Stress can lead to infectious diseases or even cause animal mortality (Bernoth and Crane 1995;Murphy and Lewbart 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

2016

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This study brings an integrated analysis about the relationship between water deterioration and its physiological consequences in live fish transport. The analysis was focused on the transport water and its deterioration, and physiological challenges imposed on the fish. Usual commercial handling procedures employed to mitigate fish stress during transport were discussed. Future topics of research for the establishment of safer fish transport protocols were proposed. Transport was classified into short (≤8 h) or long transport (>8 h). The main issue in short transports should be the prevention of water pH reduction, while in long transports it is the increase in ammonia. Plasma cortisol is the most employed marker for stress and is acutely elevated upon short episodes of transport, but remains elevated even in long‐transport events. Plasma glucose is perhaps a better marker for handling stress. Plasma lactate, pH, osmolality CO2 and ions should be more often evaluated. Plasma Na+ and Cl‐ are very useful markers of acidosis, due to their respective exchange for H+ and HCO3−, for acid–base regulation. The establishment of species‐specific transport protocols should be preceded by such combined analyses of water and physiological parameters.

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“…In Kenya for example, research has been conducted on determining the best culture systems and practices, as well as the viability of breeding and propagation of Labeo in captivity (Abwao, Boera, Safina, Munguti, & Ogello, ; Kembenya, Marcial, Outa, Sakakura, & Hagiwara, ; Orina, Munguti, Opiyo & Karisa, ). Several studies on this species have indicated they can be cultured in ponds with growth rates as good as that for tilapia (Mokoro et al, ; Oyoo‐okoth et al, ). Further, hatchery‐produced L. victorianus larvae can be transported to culture centres for more than eight hours with insignificant mortalities (Outa & Ogello, ), indicating fingerlings are resistant to handling stress, which is vital for restocking programmes.…”

Section: Economic Losses and Possible Conservation Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on the status of some major fish species in Lake Victoria and possible conservation strategies

et al. 2020

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Lake Victoria, the second largest freshwater lake in the world, supports an enormous flora and fauna biomass, with a large human population around the Lake. The lake is a source of food (fish), water for domestic use and crop and livestock production, transportation and tourism, among other uses. As a result of these varied uses, human intervention within the lake and its catchment has resulted in several ecological changes in the lake in recent years, with profound effects on its fish resources. One of the most notable changes is the reduction and risk of extinction of some fish species, including the endemic tilapiine species (Oreochromis esculentus and Oreochromis variabilis), catfishes (Xenoclarias eupogon), haplochromines and cyprinids (Labeo victorianus and Barbus altinialis) in the lake. The reduced biodiversity, as well as extinctions within the lake, has been attributed to the introduction of alien fish species (e.g. Nile perch (Lates niloticus) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) into the lake, habitat loss and cultural eutrophication. If left unchecked, these changes will have devastating effects on the lake's resources, as well as to people living around the lake and beyond who depend on the lake fisheries for their livelihood. Thus, there is an urgent need for management measures based on sound scientific research to be implemented in order to curb the loss of ichthyodiversity within the lake, as well as to save the livelihoods of those stakeholders who are either directly or indirectly dependent on the lake.

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Survival and physiological response of Labeo victorianus (Pisces: Cyprinidae, Boulenger 1901) juveniles to transport stress under a salinity gradient

Cited by 37 publications

References 22 publications

Effects of transportation stress and addition of salt to transport water on the skin mucosal homeostasis of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Effects of transportation stress and addition of salt to transport water on the skin mucosal homeostasis of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

An overview of stress physiology of fish transport: changes in water quality as a function of transport duration

A review on the status of some major fish species in Lake Victoria and possible conservation strategies

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