Survival in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementias

Barclay, Laurie; Zemcov, Alexander; Blass, John P.; Sansone, Joseph

doi:10.1212/wnl.35.6.834

Cited by 218 publications

(109 citation statements)

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“…This type of memory is known to be more severely impaired than remote memory in human dementia (12). The present results that rats with permanent 2VO exhibited severe deficit in the learning of new information on the 8-arm radial maze task agree well with our previous data (4) and those reported on the memory loss in normal aged hu- mans and dementia patients (12,13). In this study, we found that daily treatment with TMP from the second day after the learning trial significantly improved this learning deficit.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Tetramethylpyrazine Improves Spatial Cognitive Impairment Induced by Permanent Occlusion of Bilateral Common Carotid Arteries or Scopolamine in Rats

Matsumoto

Watanabe

1995

Japanese Journal of Pharmacology

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ABSTRACT-Effectsof tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), a major constituent of Ligusticum chuanxiong, on spatial cognitive impairment induced by permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries (2VO) and scopolamine were investigated using 8-arm radial maze performance in rats. Permanent 2VO produced a severe learning deficit in non-pretrained rats. Daily administration of TMP (3 -10 mg/kg, i.p.) from the 3rd day after permanent 2VO significantly improved the learning deficit. TMP did not influence the impairment of the retention task in the pretrained permanent 2VO rats, but it tended to reduce the number of errors elevated by 3-min delay interposition in these rats. In the scopolamine model, scopolamine (0.3 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly decreased the initial correct response and increased the number of errors. Single administration of TMP (1-3 mg/kg, i.p.) dose-dependently reversed the scopolamine-induced impairment of the maze performance. These results suggest that TMP has therapeutic potential for the treatment of dementia caused by cholinergic dysfunction and/or decrease of cerebral blood flow.Keywords: Tetramethylpyrazine, Permanent occlusion (bilateral common carotid arteries), Scopolamine, Ischemia, Learning * To whom all correspondence should be addressed .Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is a constituent isolatec from Ligusticum chuanxiong, which has long been usec in China as a traditional medicine to treat many patient: suffering from stroke and some cognitive impairments TMP is known to increase the cerebral blood flow (1) anc to have protective action against severe acute ischemic at. tacks, resulting in an increase of the survival rate after thf cerebral ischemia procedure in Mongolian gerbils (2) Moreover, TMP produces a vasodilatory action by inhibit ing both Ca 21 influx and intracellular Ca 2+ release (3) it dog mesenteric arterial preparation. These pharmacologi. cal profiles of TMP give rise to the possibility that it, administration may improve the cognitive impairment caused by a decrease in cerebral blood flow and/or pro. tect against the neuronal damage following cerebral ische. mia in rats.We previously reported that a chronic mild hypoper. fusion induced by permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries (2VO) caused learning deficits in thf early stage (within 1 month) and memory deficits in thf late stage (4 months after the 2VO operation) and that this progressive cognitive deficit paralleled the progress of neuronal damage (4). This animal model is advantageous for examining whether drugs prevent progressive cognitive impairment and neuronal damage induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.On the other hand, it is well known that central acetylcholine (ACh) neurons play an important role in cognitive function (5, 6) and that the function of the cholinergic system can be damaged by cerebral ischemia (7 -9). In the present study, we investigated the effect of TMP on spatial cognitive impairment using two animal models: permanent 2VO-induced learning deficit and scopolamine-induced wor...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Tetramethylpyrazine Improves Spatial Cognitive Impairment Induced by Permanent Occlusion of Bilateral Common Carotid Arteries or Scopolamine in Rats

Matsumoto

Watanabe

1995

Japanese Journal of Pharmacology

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“…3 All patients had a complete medical, neurological, psychiatric, and neuropsychological evaluation, with laboratory work, brain computerized tomography (CT), and EEG to rule out treatable causes of dementia. Of these patients, 84 had a clinical diagnosis of MID based on the presence of typical features 2 and a modified Hachinski score 6 of 2 6.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 A progressive illness with uniformly poor prognosis, 3 MID may account for approximately 20% of all organic dementias. 4 There is presently no accepted treatment for this disease, but there is some rationale for the prevention of MID via the control of risk factors for stroke and by the prophylactic administration of aspirin to patients at risk.…”

Section: (Stroke 1987;18:138-141)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary and gait disturbances as markers for early multi-infarct dementia.

Kotsoris

Barclay

Kheyfets

et al. 1987

Stroke

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In a retrospective study of 84 outpatients with multiinfarct dementia, urinary and gait disturbances were found in 50% and 27%, respectively, and often preceded dementia and discrete stroke-like episodes by more than 5 years. Compared to patients without urinary disturbance, those with urinary dysfunction were predominantly male and more behaviorally impaired, but were similar in age, cognitive score, depression score, computerized tomography findings, and relative survival. Compared to patients without gait disturbance, those with gait abnormality had a higher Hachinski iscbemic score and depression score and were more behaviorally impaired. Urinary and gait abnormalities may be markers for cerebrovascular disease and vascular dementia even in the absence of frank stroke. Damage to bifrontal outflow tracts may be the common pathophysiological mechanism underlying the behavioral and motor symptoms characteristic of vascular dementias. 4 There is presently no accepted treatment for this disease, but there is some rationale for the prevention of MID via the control of risk factors for stroke and by the prophylactic administration of aspirin to patients at risk. Identification of clinical markers for early MID might allow early recognition of highrisk groups so that prophylactic treatment might prevent or delay the development of this fulminant disorder.We therefore examined the prevalence of various risk factors for stroke and vascular disease in our patients with clinical MID. Patients with MID may have a long history of gait or urinary disturbances preceding overt dementia and discrete cerebrovascular events, and we sought to investigate this relation in a retrospective series. Subjects and MethodsThe Geriatric Evaluation Service at The Burke Rehabilitation Center in White Plains, New York, is an outpatient dementia clinic that has studied more than 700 patients over the last 6 years, as described previously.3 All patients had a complete medical, neurological, psychiatric, and neuropsychological evaluation, with laboratory work, brain computerized tomography (CT), and EEG to rule out treatable causes and a modified Hachinski score 6 of 2 6. Patients thought to have a mixed dementia or a multiinfarct state coexistent with Alzheimer's disease were excluded, as were patients with dementias of other etiologies such as head trauma, alcohol abuse, or metabolic encephalopathies. Each patient's record was reviewed for 1) risk factors for and manifestations of vascular disease, 2) family history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular accident, 3) manifestations of cerebrovascular disease such as stroke, carotid disease or surgery, and transient ischemic attacks (TIA's), 4) neurologic history and examination, 5) scores for ischemic dementia (modified Hachinski score 6 ), cognitive impairment ("mental status quotient" 7 ), behavioral impairment (Haycox score 8 ), and depression (Hamilton score), and 6) brain CT findings.Subgroups with urinary and/or gait dis...

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“…3 Dementia is associated with a high mortality, with a mean survival of approximately seven years from the time of diagnosis in Alzheimer's disease patients. 4 It is also a major cause of impaired QoL. However, the boundary between minimal cognitive impairment and dementia is somewhat arbitrary and difficult to define.…”

Section: Cognitive Impairmentmentioning

confidence: 99%