Survival of enteric bacteria and coliphage MS2 in pure human urine

Chandran, Abhirosh; Pradhan, Surendra K.; Heinonen‐Tanski, Helvi

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04353.x

Cited by 45 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In order to assess the usefulness of viral indicators and to collect quantitative information necessary for risk assessment of water quality and water disinfection processes, investigations on the survival characteristics of some phages have been conducted (9,10). However, most of these studies have investigated the impact of only one stressor on the survival characteristics of phage indicators (1), or employed one phage strain as a surrogate to determine the effect of environmental or processing stresses on viral survival or activity (11).…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparative Persistence of Subgroups of F-Specific RNA Phages in River Water

Yang

Griffiths

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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F-specific (F؉) RNA phages are widely used as indicators for the presence of fecal contamination and/or enteric viruses in water, and identifying subgroups of F؉ RNA phages provides an approach for microbial source tracking. Different survival characteristics of the F؉ RNA phage subgroups result in a misinterpretation of their original proportion in water, thus giving misleading information when they are used for microbial source tracking. This study investigated the comparative persistence of subgroups of F؉ RNA phages in river water under different conditions. Results suggested that temperature and pH are the major factors affecting the persistence of F؉ RNA phages in river water, and organic substances promote phage survival. The comparative persistence patterns of subgroups of F؉ RNA phages varied and may bias extrapolation of their initial proportions in surface water. Thus, the characteristics of water should be taken into consideration and the results should be carefully interpreted when F؉ RNA phages are used for microbial source tracking. F-specific (Fϩ) RNA phages are a group of single-stranded RNA bacteriophages belonging to the family Leviviridae (1, 2); they infect host bacteria by absorbing to and injecting RNA through sex pili on the surfaces of the cells (3). Fϩ RNA phages are divided into four subgroups according to their serology and phylogeny (4) and have been recommended as indicators for the presence of viral pathogens and fecal contamination, since they are similar to enteric viruses in genomic and physical properties, they are transmitted by the fecal-oral route as are enteric viruses, and their presence is highly correlated to viral contamination in various water types (3, 5). An interesting phenomenon is that subgroups II and III are generally of human origin and subgroups I and IV are predominantly isolated from animal feces (6, 7). This provides the potential to distinguish fecal contamination of human or animal origin.Phage groups differ in their resistances to environmental stressors and exhibit various persistences in aquatic environments (8), which may bias the relative prevalence of different phage groups in aquatic environments, thus leading to potential errors in the assessment of water quality. In order to assess the usefulness of viral indicators and to collect quantitative information necessary for risk assessment of water quality and water disinfection processes, investigations on the survival characteristics of some phages have been conducted (9, 10). However, most of these studies have investigated the impact of only one stressor on the survival characteristics of phage indicators (1), or employed one phage strain as a surrogate to determine the effect of environmental or processing stresses on viral survival or activity (11). Little information is currently available about the differential persistence among the four subgroups of Fϩ RNA bacteriophages in surface water, a main source of water for irrigation. Differential persistence of subgroups of Fϩ RNA phages may bias th...

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confidence: 99%

Comparative Persistence of Subgroups of F-Specific RNA Phages in River Water

Yang

Griffiths

2013

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In this study, the collected urine was stored for[2 weeks (mean temperature 28°C) before use as a fertilizer and there were no fecal coliforms detected in 100 ml of collected urine in agreement with previous studies (Pradhan et al 2007). This might be due to high pH and temperature in collected urine (Chandran et al 2009). Furthermore, the risk of microbial contamination is diminished by the fact that pathogenic microbes do not survive in soil for a long time (Feachem et al 1983).…”

Section: Urinal and Eco-toiletmentioning

confidence: 97%

Eco-sanitation and its benefits: an experimental demonstration program to raise awareness in central Nepal

Pradhan

Piya

Heinonen‐Tanski

2010

Environ Dev Sustain

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This study focuses on awareness and an experimental demonstration about the use of human urine and wood ash as a fertilizer. This study was conducted in Chanauta, central Nepal, from November 2009 to February 2010. The villagers (N = 27) were asked about their awareness of eco-sanitation and fertilizer value of urine and ash. All the participants agreed that the use of urine and ash was a good idea. In the experimental study, the fertilizer value of urine?ash was compared with animal manure and no-fertilizer in the cultivation of radish, potato, broadleaf mustard, cauliflower, and cabbage. Different plants cultivated plots received 54-81 kgN/ha with urine?ash or manure fertilizer. The urine?ash fertilizer produced significantly (p \ 0.05) higher broadleaf mustard biomass than obtained from animal manure and without fertilization. Urine?ash-fertilized plots growing radish, potato, cauliflower, and cabbage produced similar or slightly higher yields biomass compared to those achieved with manure fertilization. This might be because of high P, K as well as greater availability of N in applied urine compared to manure. It is concluded that urine?ash fertilizer can be used instead of animal manure; in this study, a dose of 4 L of urine was equal to 1 kg of dry cattle manure and produced a similar or greater yield of vegetable biomass than manure fertilization. To be able to generalize this conclusion, it is important to conduct these kinds of experiments with different seasonal crops and in other parts of the world.Readers should send their comments on this paper to BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.

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“…Considering the results obtained in urine samples from site (S27), the concentrations of fecal coliforms (960 CFU/ml), Escherichia coli (120 CFU/ml), staphylococci (708 CFU/ml), enterococci (2040 CFU/ml), spores of Clostridium perfringens (490 CFU/ml) in unstored urine become zeros after 30 days of storage, except those of spores of C. perfringens (100 CFU/ml). Storage conditions are to consider for the removal of enteric pathogens in urine-based fertilizers [10]- [12]. Also, apart of the time of urine storage, our analyses do not allow us to evaluate accurately determinant parameters to sanitize urine by storage.…”

Section: Microbial Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the ecological sanitation system used in this study, the adopted urine treatment consists in storage in tanks, then exposure to sun for days [9]. Ambient temperature as well as urine intrinsic parameters would contribute to pathogen removal [10]- [12]. It is important to note that Ouagadougou is located in the Sudano-Sahelian climate zone characterized by minimum temperatures of 14˚C -21˚C and 33˚C -42˚C maximum, with a short rainy season (May to October) and a long dry season.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality of Human Urine Used as Fertilizer: Case of an Ecological Sanitation System in Ouagadougou Peri-Urban Areas-Burkina Faso

Makaya¹,

Savadogo²,

Somda³

et al. 2014

JEP

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The use in agriculture of excreta from urine-diversion toilets can be an alternative solution to the lack of sanitation and high costs of mineral fertilizers inherent to developing countries. The objective of this study was to evaluate the hygienic quality of urine used as fertilizer through an ecological sanitation system in Ouagadougou peri-urban areas. Chemical and microbiological analyses were performed in urine samples taken before and after thirty (30) days of storage in jerry cans exposed to sunlight. The concentrations of 7.0 g/l; 3.5 and 9.6 g/l of ammonia nitrogen for mean, minimum and maximum respectively, are obtained in unstored urine samples. These concentrations did not practically vary with the storage. On average, values of other chemical parameters analyzed in stored urine were as follows: pH, 8.8; phosphorus (P), 0.3 g/l; potassium (K), 1.9 g/l; total dissolved solids (TDS), 21.0 g/l; cadmium (Cd), 154.3 µg/l; copper (Cu), 5.2 µg/l; lead (Pb), 15.2 µg/l; chromium (Cr), 6.1 µg/l; nickel (Ni), 154.0 µg/l. Escherichia coli, staphylococci, enterococci, Salmonella and spores of Clostridium perfringens were detected in unstored urine samples, with 26% of fecal contamination rate. The time of storage (30 days) under sunlight was enough for almost all bacteria removal in urine samples. Although the fertilizing value of urine was confirmed, it would be important to take account of the best practices on applying in soils, because of the high TDS contents. Also, the risk linked to micropollutants in urine-based fertilizers could be negligible in view of low quantities. The results obtained in this study prove that after 30 days of exposure to sunlight urine collected via eco-toilet becomes bacteriologically sanitized, and can therefore be J. M. Makaya et al. 468 used to fertilize soils. However, it is necessary to demonstrate the inactivation of other groups of enteric microorganisms in human urine during storage.

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Survival of enteric bacteria and coliphage MS2 in pure human urine

Cited by 45 publications

References 11 publications

Comparative Persistence of Subgroups of F-Specific RNA Phages in River Water

Comparative Persistence of Subgroups of F-Specific RNA Phages in River Water

Eco-sanitation and its benefits: an experimental demonstration program to raise awareness in central Nepal

Quality of Human Urine Used as Fertilizer: Case of an Ecological Sanitation System in Ouagadougou Peri-Urban Areas-Burkina Faso

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