Survival of spumavirus, a primate retrovirus, in laboratory media and water

Lotlikar, Madhavi; Lipson, Steven M.

doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11226.x

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 31 publications

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“…Serum contains lipids, attachment factors, and stabilizing and detoxifying factors needed to inhibit proteases (39). When added directly to the viral suspensions, FBS had protective effects on viruses incubated at RT (40)(41)(42) or on viruses exposed to UV or gamma irradiation (43,44). Although the exact mechanism for such effects is unknown, it may be that the high protein load of FBS (32) associates with the viral particles, stabilizing them, or deactivates the action of proteases present in the cell lysate (39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline Calicivirus, Murine Norovirus, Porcine Sapovirus, and Tulane Virus Survival on Postharvest Lettuce

Esseili

Saif

Farkas

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bHuman norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading cause of foodborne illnesses, with an increasing number of outbreaks associated with leafy greens. Because HuNoV cannot be routinely cultured, culturable feline calicivirus (FCV), murine norovirus (MNV), porcine sapovirus (SaV), and Tulane virus (TV) have been used as surrogates. These viruses are generated in different cell lines as infected cell lysates, which may differentially affect their stability. Our objective was to uniformly compare the survival of these viruses on postharvest lettuce while evaluating the effects of cell lysates on their survival. Viruses were semipurified from cell lysates by ultrafiltration or ultracentrifugation followed by resuspension in sterile water. Virus survival was examined before and after semipurification: in suspension at room temperature (RT) until day 28 and on lettuce leaves stored at RT for 3 days or at 4°C for 7 and 14 days. In suspension, both methods significantly enhanced the survival of all viruses. On lettuce, the survival of MNV in cell lysates was similar to that in water, under all storage conditions. In contrast, the survival of FCV, SaV, and TV was differentially enhanced, under different storage conditions, by removing cell lysates. Following semipurification, viruses showed similar persistence to each other on lettuce stored under all conditions, with the exception of ultracentrifugation-purified FCV, which showed a higher inactivation rate than MNV at 4°C for 14 days. In conclusion, the presence of cell lysates in viral suspensions underestimated the survivability of these surrogate viruses, while viral semipurification revealed similar survivabilities on postharvest lettuce leaves. Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis in the United States (1). These viruses are 28 to 35 nm in diameter, nonenveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses that are members of the Caliciviridae family. An increasing number of HuNoV outbreaks have been associated with leafy greens (2). For example, food was the primary vehicle of transmission in 1,008 HuNoV outbreaks reported between 2009 and 2012 in the United States, and leafy greens were the primary food associated with these outbreaks (1). Therefore, there is a need to understand the occurrence and survival/persistence of HuNoV on leafy greens. However, assessing the survival of HuNoVs on leafy greens is hampered by the fact that these viruses are still refractory to routine growth in cell culture; hence, their infectivity cannot be readily quantified (3, 4). Therefore, surrogate culturable viruses are often used as proxies to investigate HuNoV transmission routes, disinfection, and survival in the environment.Among members of the Caliciviridae family, feline calicivirus (FCV) has been the most widely used HuNoV surrogate since the 1990s (5). In 2004, murine norovirus (MNV), a virus genetically more closely related to HuNoV, was propagated in cell culture (6) and, since then, it has been widely used as a HuNoV surrogate (7). In 2004, bile acids in i...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline Calicivirus, Murine Norovirus, Porcine Sapovirus, and Tulane Virus Survival on Postharvest Lettuce

Esseili

Saif

Farkas

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Natural Host–Environmental Media–Human: A New Potential Pathway of COVID-19 Outbreak

Li¹,

Yang²,

Lu³

et al. 2020

Engineering

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Identifying the first infected case (patient zero) is key in tracing the origin of a virus; however, doing so is extremely challenging. Patient zero for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is likely to be permanently unknown. Here, we propose a new viral transmission route by focusing on the environmental media containing viruses of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or RaTG3-related bat-borne coronavirus (Bat-CoV), which we term the “environmental quasi-host.” We reason that the environmental quasi-host is likely to be a key node in helping recognize the origin of SARS-CoV-2; thus, SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted along the route of natural host–environmental media–human. Reflecting upon viral outbreaks in the history of humanity, we realize that many epidemic events are caused by direct contact between humans and environmental media containing infectious viruses. Indeed, contacts between humans and environmental quasi-hosts are greatly increasing as the space of human activity incrementally overlaps with animals’ living spaces, due to the rapid development and population growth of human society. Moreover, viruses can survive for a long time in environmental media. Therefore, we propose a new potential mechanism to trace the origin of the COVID-19 outbreak.

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Survival of spumavirus, a primate retrovirus, in laboratory media and water

Cited by 2 publications

References 31 publications

Feline Calicivirus, Murine Norovirus, Porcine Sapovirus, and Tulane Virus Survival on Postharvest Lettuce

Feline Calicivirus, Murine Norovirus, Porcine Sapovirus, and Tulane Virus Survival on Postharvest Lettuce

Natural Host–Environmental Media–Human: A New Potential Pathway of COVID-19 Outbreak

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