Survival rate of Saccharomyces boulardii adapted to a functional freeze-dried yoghurt, related to processing, storage and digestion by experimental Wistar rats

Abstract

Background: Saccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic clinically effective in the prevention and treatment of antibiotic induced diarrhea in both children and adults, Clostridium difficile infections, inflammatory bowel disease, and other gastrointestinal disorders. However, the microorganisms need to survive the gastrointestinal transit and arrive to their action site alive in order to exert their beneficial effects. Microencapsulation is an alternative to improve the viability of probiotic in foods which can also survive in the gastrointestinal conditions. Freeze--drying is a method of dehydration that does not affect nutrients and bioactive compounds, such as probiotics contained in foods. All of them will increase the survival rate of S. boulardii.Purpose of this study: This study focused on formulae freeze-dried yogurt containing inulin, vegetable palm oil, and S. boulardii, both as free cells and in microencapsulated form. Also, theeffect of ampicillin associated S. boulardii.Methods: Yogurts were given to an “in vivo” digestion process, using male Wistar rats. The survival of S. boulardii was subsequently evaluated in colon and feces. For this study, six treatments of four of rats were used: i) control rats ii) rats fed with yogurt containing S. boulardii as free cells, iii) rats fed with yogurt containing S. boulardii in micro-encapsulated form, iv) control rats fed with penicillin, v) rats fed with ampicillin plus yogurt containing S. boulardii as free cells, and vi) rats fed with penicillin plus yogurt containing S. boulardii in micro-encapsulated form.Results: The study demonstrated it was feasible to freeze-dry the S. boulardii and incorporate it into a yogurt made with skim milk, inulin, and unsaturated vegetable oil. The freeze-drying process not affected the survival of the S. boulardii (p<0.05). Microencapsulation increased the survival of S. boulardii on 1.77-Log CFU/g, and the presence of S. boulardii was only detected in colon and feces of those rats which ingested ampicillin, regardless to the formula contained the probiotic.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that freeze-drying maintains the survival of S. boulardii in the evaluated foods and that micro-encapsulation increases the survival of this probiotic. Furthermore, S. boulardii was installed in the gastrointestinal tract when the microbial flora was damaged by ampicillin.Keywords: Yogurt, probiotic, Saccharomyces boulardii, micro-encapsulation, freeze-drying.

Physiochemical and Microbial Analysis of Tibetan Yak Milk Yogurt in Comparison to Locally Available Yogurt

“…Total solids play a critical role in determining the quality and stability of yogurt. As reported by Rodriguez et al (2017), slight increases in total solids were observed in all samples during a storage period of up to 60 days. This increase was attributed to partial losses in free water that occurred during storage [33].…”

“…As reported by Rodriguez et al (2017), slight increases in total solids were observed in all samples during a storage period of up to 60 days. This increase was attributed to partial losses in free water that occurred during storage [ 33 ]. Yak milk, due to its higher total solid content, has been shown to enhance the gel strength of yogurt and reduce pore size, resulting in better water retention and reduced syneresis, as reported by Moreno-Montoro et al in 2018 [ 34 ].…”

Enhancement of Digestibility of Casein Powder and Raw Rice Particles in an Improved Dynamic Rat Stomach Model Through an Additional Rolling Mechanism

“…There is also a possibility that, a rat used as a model for human‐related works may not actually be all that appropriate due to the differences in the gastric anatomy and structure such as the geometric shape and dimension between the 2 species (DeSesso and Jacobson ). However, in human nutrition, in particular related to diabetic‐related works, the rats have been used for orally delivered medication research including microencapsulated insulin particles and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies as well as survival rates of probiotics during digestion in the gastrointestinal tract (Hussain and others ; Martinez‐Flores and others ; Radwan and others ). Although the rat is not the same as human, the essential stomach morphology and digestive function are similar to the humans particularly at the microscopic level (DeSesso and Jacobson ).…”

Placebo-resistant gut bacteria: Akkermansia muciniphila spp. and Familial Mediterranean fever disease

“…In the context of FMF disease (Pepoyan et al, 2017;Balayan et al, 2015;Manzano et al, 2023;Touitou and Pepoyan, 2008;Lancieri et al, 2023;Pepoyan et al, 2019b), placebos are employed to evaluate the impacts of probiotics [microorganisms that confer beneficial effects on humans (Pepoyan et al, 2023;Garcıá-Santos et al, 2023;Harutyunyan et al, 2022), animals (Ataya et al, 2023;Balayan et al, 2019;Rodriguez et al, 2017;Wang et al, 2023;Mirzabekyan et al, 2023;S ̌efcováet al, 2023), and plant host metabolism (Rahman et al, 2018;Pepoyan and Chikindas, 2020;Mockevicǐutėet al, 2023)], along with their metabolites, as well as medications in general (Ben-Zvi et al, 2017;Haviv and Hashkes, 2016;Hashkes and Huang, 2015;Hashkes et al, 2014). While placebos have long served as inert controls in clinical trials (Gupta and Verma, 2013;Finniss et al, 2010;Louhiala and Puustinen, 2017), it is essential to recognize that placebo effects are psychobiological phenomena (Pogany, 2017;Hashmi, 2018;Liu, 2022;Schaefer et al, 2023;Shafir et al, 2023) capable of producing effects similar to certain drugs, even when patients are not knowingly given placebos (Bräscher et al, 2022).…”