Surviving Democracy's “Mistake”: Japanese Americans &amp; the Enduring Legacy of Executive Order 9066

Nakanishi, Don T.

doi:10.17953/amer.19.1.xu217p1k01521170

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Segal explains that tough the Supreme Court supported the executive order, it was in violation of the 14 th amendment, which sought protection and equality among all American citizens irrespective of their racial affiliation [41]. Nakanishi explains that there was no sure way that the Japanese Americans should have participated in espionage, being American citizens, as the majority had sought American citizenship without intentions of returning back to their native land [34].…”

Section: Gongmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…194 (1944) This was a controversial case ruling by the United States Supreme Court, which found Executive Order 9066 to be constitutional. Nakanishi explains that the executive order restricted Japanese Americans to Internment camps during World War II [34]. The executive order was executed regardless of the citizenship of the individual, provided that one was racially affiliated to Japan.…”

Section: Gongmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The United States Supreme Court Landmark Cases: Implications on Racial/Ethnic Minorities’ Welfare

2021

JLPG

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Essentially, the United States Supreme Court plays a critical role in setting precedents that are followed by lower federal courts and state courts. This implies that faulty decision by the Supreme Court has a ripple effect, characterized by adversities in the delivery of justice across the board. Over the years, the United States Supreme Court has made various landmark rulings, some of which have been regarded as the worst decisions ever, while others have been deemed exemplary. From the 1900s and to around the mid-1900s, the United States Supreme Court made various rulings, the majority of which touched on racial segregation and discrimination of ethnic minorities. The rulings set critical precedence and gave guidelines to states with respect to the formulation and implementation of state laws. Understanding such rulings can greatly shed light regarding the historical background of the United States judicial system and what can be done to foster justice and equality in the future. This study entailed a qualitative content analysis research design to study and analyze six main cases:

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Section: Gongmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gongmentioning

confidence: 99%

The United States Supreme Court Landmark Cases: Implications on Racial/Ethnic Minorities’ Welfare

2021

JLPG

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“…A central response to this trauma that strongly affected intergenerational relationships with their Sansei children was silence. It is well documented that Nisei rarely discussed their camp experience, especially prior to the reparations movement (Daniels 1991;Kitano 1993;Kitano and Daniels 2000;Miyoshi 1978;Nagata 1990Nagata , 1991Nagata , 1993Nagata , 1998Nakanishi 1993;Tomine 1991). While the camp experience may have been referred to as a time marker ("before camp", after camp"; Nagata 1990) the full descriptive and emotional story was rarely told, even to their children.…”

Section: Effects Of the Camp Experience For Nisei's Ethnic And Racialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While the camp experience may have been referred to as a time marker ("before camp", after camp"; Nagata 1990) the full descriptive and emotional story was rarely told, even to their children. The possible reasons for this silence are many: a desire to protect their children from the discrimination and pain that they experienced and allow for them (Sansei) to more fully integrate (Miyoshi 1978;Nagata 1990Nagata , 1998Nakanishi 1993;Nagata et al 2015); a fear of discrimination or ostracism from others (Kitano 1993); a fear of becoming emotional in front of others (Miyoshi 1978); the desire to not lose face by complaining or losing admiration for endurance (Miyoshi 1978); or a sense of shame that has been analogized to the experience of rape victims (Mass 1991;Nagata 1990;Nakanishi 1993;Tomine 1991). The silence regarding the camps in the dominant American discourse was also externally reinforced (Tomine 1991).…”

Section: Effects Of the Camp Experience For Nisei's Ethnic And Racialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of "concentration camp", endorsed by the JACL and initially by the Japanese American National Museum, is technically accurate as the term used to confine people on the basis of political affiliation, race, or ethnicity (Japanese American Citizen's League 2015). The term concentration camp is also one that was used at the time (Japanese American National Museum n.d.), including by United States (U.S.) officials such as President Franklin D. Roosevelt, although the government changed its public language in order to make the camps more acceptable: the Nisei, second generation-or first American born-Japanese Americans (Daniels 1991;Kitano 1993;Nakanishi 1993). 2 Over 120,000 people of Japanese heritage were imprisoned in camps based on racism, two-thirds of them United States (U.S.) citizens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ethnic and Racial Identity in Multiracial Sansei: Intergenerational Effects of the World War II Mass Incarceration of Japanese Americans1

Suyemoto

2018

Genealogy

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This paper reflects on ways in which intergenerational familial experience of the Japanese American World War II mass incarceration may have differentially affected the ethnic and racial identity development of multiracial Sansei (third generation Japanese Americans). I begin with a brief review of the literature related to the effects of the camps on Nisei, integrating psychological understandings of racial and ethnic identity development, contextual history, and research on the psychological effects; I focus here on effects for Nisei that have been connected to their intergenerational interactions: distancing from Japanese American heritage and identity, silence about the camp experience, and the negotiation of racism and discrimination. I turn then to the primary focus of the paper: Using a combination of autoethnographical reflection, examples from qualitative interviews, and literature review, I engage in reflective exploration of two ways in which intergenerational effects of the camp experience influenced Sansei racial and ethnic identities that vary among monoracial and multiracial Sansei: familial transmission of Japanese American culture by Nisei to Sansei, and the intergenerational effects and transmission of racial discrimination and racial acceptance. I conclude with reflections on intergenerational healing within Japanese American families and communities, and reflections on the relation of these dynamics to current issues of racial justice more generally.

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“Forever foreigners”: Intergenerational impacts of historical trauma from the World War II Japanese American incarceration.

Nagata¹,

Patel²

2021

Trauma and Racial Minority Immigrants: Turmoil, Uncertainty, and Resistance.

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J apanese immigrants arriving in the United States in the late 19th century worked hard to establish their lives in a new country despite facing signi ficant discrimination and challenges (Daniels, 2004). On December 7, 1941, however, Japan's military attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, marked the begin ning of a particularly powerful and historic racial trauma. Within weeks of declaring war against Japan, the U.S. government portrayed all people of Japanese ancestry living along the Western mainland as potential threats to national security because of their proximity to Japan and ordered them into incarceration 1 camps. Under President Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066 (EO9066), more than 117,000 Japanese Americans 2 were confined in the deso late camps for up to 4 years (United States Commission on Wartime Relo cation of Civilians [USCWRIC], 1997). Two thirds were U.S.born citizens, and although the country was also at war with Germany and Italy, neither German nor Italian Americans were targeted for mass incarceration. Further more,

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Surviving Democracy's “Mistake”: Japanese Americans & the Enduring Legacy of Executive Order 9066

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

The United States Supreme Court Landmark Cases: Implications on Racial/Ethnic Minorities’ Welfare

The United States Supreme Court Landmark Cases: Implications on Racial/Ethnic Minorities’ Welfare

Ethnic and Racial Identity in Multiracial Sansei: Intergenerational Effects of the World War II Mass Incarceration of Japanese Americans1

“Forever foreigners”: Intergenerational impacts of historical trauma from the World War II Japanese American incarceration.

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