Surviving in Ocean Worlds: Experimental Characterization of Fiber Optic Tethers across Europa-like Ice Faults and Unraveling the Sliding Behavior of Ice

Abstract

As an initial step toward in situ exploration of the interiors of Ocean Worlds to search for life using cryobot architectures, we test how various communication tethers behave under potential Europa-like stress conditions. By freezing two types of pretensioned insulated fiber optic cables inside ice blocks, we simulate tethers being refrozen in a probe’s wake as it traverses through an Ocean World’s ice shell. Using a cryogenic biaxial apparatus, we simulate shear motion on preexisting faults at various velocities and temperatures. These shear tests are used to evaluate the mechanical behavior of ice, characterize the behavior of communication tethers, and explore their limitations for deployment by a melt probe. We determine (a) the maximum shear stress tethers can sustain from an ice fault, prior to failure (viable/unviable regimes for deployment), and (b) optical tether performance for communications. We find that these tethers are fairly robust across a range of temperature and velocity conditions expected on Europa (T = 95–260 K, velocity = 5 × 10−7 m s−1 to 3 × 10−4 m s−1). However, damage to the outer jackets of the tethers and stretching of inner fibers at the coldest temperatures tested both indicate a need for further tether prototype development. Overall, these studies constrain the behavior of optical tethers for use at Ocean Worlds, improve the ability to probe thermomechanical properties of dynamic ice shells likely to be encountered by landed missions, and guide future technology development for accessing the interiors of (potentially habitable ± inhabited) Ocean Worlds.

Frictional Strength, Stability, and Potential Shear Heating on Icy Satellite Faults

“…We did not observe the formation of fault gouges in our experiments. However, in a recent study in our lab, ice sample interfaces were initially welded shut and allowed to fracture upon shearing (Singh et al., 2023). In that study, several high velocity sliding intervals resulted in significant ice gouge at the interfaces.…”

Acoustics and RF communication through deep ice for application to ocean worlds exploration

“…The top region undergoes tidal deformations that may cause low-magnitude-shear stresses (~100 kPa) on cracks that oscillate diurnally [Kamata, 2015]. The shear forces in this region may endanger the integrity of a deployed communication tether, though other efforts are also exploring shear-tolerant fibers [Singh, 2023].…”