Survivorship of juvenile barnacles and mussels: spatial dependence and the origin of alternative communities

Petraitis, Peter S.; Rhile, Erika C.; Dudgeon, Steve

doi:10.1016/s0022-0981(03)00219-3

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Interval-specific mortality rates of germlings were calculated as above [43]. The number of arriving barnacles in a sampling interval was estimated from the difference between the observed number at the end of an interval, and the expected number at the end given the number at the start multiplied by spring and summer survivorships for juvenile barnacles in New England [42]. Final estimates of the slope to estimate PCIS were those of the reduced major axis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of species interaction strength in space, time and with developmental stage

Kordas

Dudgeon

2010

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Quantifying species interaction strengths enhances prediction of community dynamics, but variability in the strength of species interactions in space and time complicates accurate prediction. Interaction strengths can vary in response to density, indirect effects, priority effects or a changing environment, but the mechanism(s) causing direction and magnitudes of change are often unclear. We designed an experiment to characterize how environmental factors influence the direction and the strength of priority effects between sessile species. We estimated per capita non-trophic effects of barnacles (Semibalanus balanoides) on newly settled germlings of the fucoid, Ascophyllum nodosum, in the presence and absence of consumers in experiments on rocky shores throughout the Gulf of Maine, USA. Per capita effects on germlings varied among environments and barnacle life stages, and these interaction strengths were largely unaltered by changing consumer abundance. Whereas previous evidence shows adult barnacles facilitate fucoids, here, we show that recent settlers and established juveniles initially compete with germlings. As barnacles mature, they switch to become facilitators of fucoids. Consumers caused variable mortality of germlings through time comparable to that from competition. Temporally variable effects of interactors (e.g. S. balanoides), or spatial variation in their population structure, in different regions differentially affect target populations (e.g. A. nodosum). This may affect abundance of critical stages and the resilience of target species to environmental change in different geographical regions.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of species interaction strength in space, time and with developmental stage

Kordas

Dudgeon

2010

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…They have experimentally shown sharp thresholds in barnacle and mussel recruitment and rates of predation on mussels and non-linear changes in fucoid recruitment with clearing size, which mimics the damage due to ice scour (Petraitis & Dudgeon 1999, Dudgeon & Petraitis 2001, Petraitis et al 2003. They demonstrated that these effects translated into changes in adult densities and divergent successional patterns (Petraitis & Dudgeon 2005, Methratta & Petraitis 2008) and that some areas that were seaweed stands are now becoming mussel beds (Petraitis et al 2009).…”

Section: Experimental Studiesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Multiple stable states and relationship between thresholds in processes and states

Petraitis

Hoffman²

2010

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The concept of thresholds is applied broadly in ecology to both processes and states that exhibit step-like behavior. Thresholds are observed in parameters, equilibrium states, and in states over time, but presence or absence of thresholds at any of these levels does not provide information about the occurrence of thresholds at the other levels. Here we explore the relationship between thresholds and theory of multiple stable states. We present a 2-species Lotka-Volterra model of competition to illustrate that thresholds and hysteresis-like behavior are possible in linear systems. A grazing model is presented to show that multiple stable states are possible without thresholds in the underlying processes. The concept of thresholds within the context of multiple stable states is reviewed in an attempt to resolve some of the confusion that stems from the different meanings of thresholds.

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“…Data collected in the clearing experiment were analysed with mixed model ANOVA with location (random) and clearing size (fixed) as orthogonal factors. Four a priori planned contrasts (a: 0, 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 v. 4.8; b: 0, 0.6 and 1.2 v. 2.4; c: 0 and 0.6 v. 1.2; d: 0 v. 0.6) identical to those used by Petraitis et al (2003) tested the presence of thresholds in abundance of taxa with increasing clearing size. Edge effects were tested with three a priori planned contrasts following a separate one-way fixed factor ANOVA of all treatments (centres of five clearing sizes and edges from three clearings !1.2 m) at both locations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…McCook & Chapman, 1992;Speidel et al, 2001) and the ability of Fucus to take over, dominate and persist in clearings in other canopy habitats such as Ascophyllum beds (e.g. Petraitis et al, 2003;Jenkins et al, 2004). All of these studies, however, were conducted in the intertidal zone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Farrell (1989) also found fewer gastropod grazers in the centres of clearings and explained this in terms of the canopy providing protection against predation. The responses of herbivorous gastropods to canopy loss may however depend on species and time (Worm & Chapman, 1998;Petraitis et al, 2003). The common predators of gastropods and Mytilus, crabs and sea stars, are absent from this part of the Baltic Sea (Voipio, 1981) and predation on Mytilus, for example, is generally considered to be negligible (Kautsky, 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scale of impact determines early post-disturbance assemblage structure in subtidalFucusbeds in the Baltic Sea (Bornholm, Denmark)

Wernberg

2006

European Journal of Phycology

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Disturbances occasionally create gaps of varying sizes in the canopy cover of macroalgae on temperate reefs. This study quantified the size distribution of naturally occurring gaps in a subtidal Fucus serratus canopy, and experimentally tested the hypotheses that (i) early post-disturbance abundance of dominant assemblage-formers in the canopy-dominated habitat will depend on the spatial extent of the impact, and (ii) the effects of disturbance on the abundance of dominant assemblageformers at the edges of large impacted areas will be similar to the effects at small impacted areas. Gaps of up to 6 m diameter accounted for 17% of the habitat and, while small gaps were numerically dominant, all gap size-classes accounted for a similar proportion of habitat. Experimental disturbances (canopy clearing) ranging from 0.6 to 4.8 m diameter caused consistent scale-dependent divergence of assemblage structure after 21 days. Of particular interest was a dense cover ($75%) of filamentous algae in the centres of large (!1.2 m) clearings. Filamentous algae are widely known to have negative effects on Fucus recruitment and growth, and their rapid increase in abundance suggests that future recovery of the Fucus canopy could be adversely affected. The abundance of most taxa at the edges of large clearings was either indistinguishable from abundances in small clearings and intact canopy, or intermediate between abundances in these treatments and in the centres of large clearings. Juvenile Fucus were, however, more abundant around edges than anywhere else. These experimental outcomes support the model that scale-dependent divergence of assemblage structure is conveyed by an escape from processes associated with edges of the original habitat. I propose that, in the subtidal Fucus beds of Bornholm, recovery from large disturbances is restricted to encroachment from the edges because the adjacent canopy suppresses the growth of filamentous algae and thus facilitates regeneration and recruitment of Fucus.

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Survivorship of juvenile barnacles and mussels: spatial dependence and the origin of alternative communities

Cited by 23 publications

References 40 publications

Dynamics of species interaction strength in space, time and with developmental stage

Dynamics of species interaction strength in space, time and with developmental stage

Multiple stable states and relationship between thresholds in processes and states

Scale of impact determines early post-disturbance assemblage structure in subtidalFucusbeds in the Baltic Sea (Bornholm, Denmark)

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