Susceptibilities of Candida albicans Mouth Isolates to Antifungal Agents, Essentials Oils and Mouth Rinses

Abstract

Forty Candida albicans strains isolated from patient's mouth with fixed orthodontic appliances were analyzed to their susceptibilities to antifungal agents, mouth rinses and essential oils. Susceptibility to fluconazole, econazole, miconazole and ketoconazole, amphotericin B and nystatin was assessed by the disk diffusion (DD) method based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M44-A protocol, and by Etest (fluconazole and amphotericin B). The susceptibilities to mouth rinses and essential oils were also determined by the DD technique. All isolates tested were susceptible (S) to amphotericin B, nystatin and fluconazole. The overall concordance between the DD and the Etest was 100% for amphotericin and fluconazole. One isolate was resistant to econazole (2.5%) and the other to ketoconazole (2.5%). Econazole and ketoconazole had the highest percentages of susceptible dose dependent (SDD), 55 and 95%, respectively. Regarding to the susceptibility isolates profile, seven phenotypes were detected, and the 3 more represented (90% of the isolates) of them were SDD to one, two or three azoles. The study of mouth rinses showed a high variability of efficacy against C. albicans. The results showed that the isolates susceptibility to essential oils differed (P \ 0.05). The profile activity was: cinnamon [ laurel [ mint [ eucalyptus [ rosemary [ lemon [ myrrh [ tangerine. The main finding was that the susceptibility to cinnamon and laurel varied among the three more representative antifungal phenotypes (P \ 0.05). The susceptibility of econazole-SDD isolates to cinnamon and lemon was higher than those of the econazole-S yeasts (P \ 0.05). In contrast, econazole-SDD isolates were less affected by laurel than econazole-S counterparts (P \ 0.05).

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS, ETHANOLIC AND METHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACTS FROM ACACIA SPP. AND Eucalyptus nicholii

“…In a study conducted by Hamza and colleagues on the effect of extracts of 56 plant species, among them Acacia nilotica and Acacia robusta, against yeasts species, C. parapsilosis was more susceptible than C. albicans (Hamza et al 2006). Also, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019 was, in general, more susceptible to essential oils, than the isolates of C. albicans (Carvalhinho et al 2012).…”

Essential Oils, Silver Nanoparticles and Propolis as Alternative Agents Against Fluconazole Resistant Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida krusei Clinical Isolates

“…The chemical composition and consequently antimicrobial activity of natural products derived from plants, such as essential oils and propolis, depend on many factors e.g. growing conditions (climate, soil, fertilization), time of harvest as well as the way the essential oil or propolis extract is produced, transported and stored [19,20]. Thus using of these products as therapeutic agents or even cosmetics would require confirmation of their antimicrobial activity (for each production batch).…”

Antimicrobial activity of intracanal medications against both Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilm

“…In the present study, G2 was not effective against both types of biofilm, in accordance with other authors that used biofilm models (Ordinola‐Zapata et al, ; Paikkatt et al, ). Fungi are considered to be more prevalent in persistent root canal infections and reinfections that have communication with the oral cavity and in immunocompromised individuals (Egan et al, ) Studies using chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) as a mouth rinse provided evidence that it was fungicidal against biofilm (Carvalhinho et al, ; Giuliana, Pizzo, Milici, Musotto, & Giangreco, ). A probable explanation for the conflict results is that mouth rinses may contain alcohol that enhances significantly antimicrobial action of CHX, that is not present in CHX gel (Carvalhinho et al, ).…”

“…Triple antibiotic paste, a mixture of three antibiotics (minocycline + ciprophloxacin + metronidazole; Mehta et al, 2017;Yang, Peng, & Qin, 2013) and chlorhexidine (Carvalhinho, Costa, Coelho, Martins, & Sampaio, 2012;Palaniswamy, Lakkam, Arya, & Aravelli, 2016) are showing antimicrobial action for both species. Once, E. faecalis and C. albicans biofilms are resistant to the usual treatment with calcium hydroxide (Klotz, Rutten, Smith, Babcock, & Cunningham, 1993;Zancan et al, 2016), and antifungals as ketoconazole (Cen, Wu, Wang, & Han, 2015) respectively, been possibility present in persistent root canal infection, the aim of the present study was to evaluate their resistance in front of different associations of antimicrobial and antifungals.…”