Susceptibility of Human Pancreatic β Cells for Cytomegalovirus Infection and the Effects on Cellular Immunogenicity

Smelt, Maaike J.; Faas, Marijke M.; Haan, Bart J. de; Draijer, Christina; Hugenholtz, Greg C. G.; Haan, Aalzen de; Engelse, Marten A.; Koning, Eelco J.P. de; Vos, Paul de

doi:10.1097/mpa.0b013e31821fc90c

Cited by 30 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…This correlation was confirmed by Smelt et al (2012), who showed that CMV can infect human b-cells, inducing the expression of inflammatory factors and cytokines.…”

Section: Cytomegalovirussupporting

confidence: 57%

Why is type 1 diabetes increasing?

Egro¹

2013

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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A series of studies have reported a constant global rise in the incidence of type 1 diabetes. Epidemiological and immunological studies have demonstrated that environmental factors may influence the pathogenesis, leading to a cell-mediated pancreatic b-cell destruction associated with humoral immunity. The search for the triggering factor(s) has been going on for the past century, and yet they are still unknown. This review provides an overview of some of the most well-known theories found in the literature: hygiene, viral, vitamin D deficiency, breast milk and cow's milk hypotheses. Although the hygiene hypothesis appears to be the most promising, positive evidence from animal, human and epidemiological studies precludes us from completely discarding any of the other hypotheses. Moreover, due to contrasting evidence in the literature, a single factor is unlikely to cause an increase in the incidence of diabetes all over the world, which suggests that a multifactorial process might be involved. Although the immunological mechanisms are still unclear, there seems to be some overlap between the various hypotheses. It is thought that the emphasis should be shifted from a single to a multifactorial process and that perhaps the 'balance shift' model should be considered as a possible explanation for the rise in the incidence of type 1 diabetes.

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“…This correlation was confirmed by Smelt et al (2012), who showed that CMV can infect human b-cells, inducing the expression of inflammatory factors and cytokines.…”

Section: Cytomegalovirussupporting

confidence: 57%

Why is type 1 diabetes increasing?

Egro¹

2013

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

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“…The fact that CMV DNA can be detected in samples of pancreatic tissue from patients with T2D strongly supports the association of CMV with T2D (Lohr and Oldstone 1990). Human pancreatic β-cells have also been shown to be susceptible to in vitro infection with CMV (Smelt et al 2012).…”

Section: And Type 2 Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 60%

How does cytomegalovirus factor into diseases of aging and vaccine responses, and by what mechanisms?

2017

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an important pathogen for both clinical and population settings. There is a growing body of research implicating CMV in multiple health outcomes across the life course. At the same time, there is mounting evidence that individuals living in poverty are more likely to be exposed to CMV and more likely to experience many of the chronic conditions for which CMV has been implicated. Further research on the causal role of CMV for health and wellbeing is needed. However, the strong evidence implicating CMV in type 2 diabetes, autoimmunity, cancer, cardiovascular disease, vaccination, and age-related alterations in immune function warrants clinical and public health action. This imperative is even higher among individuals living in socioeconomically disadvantaged settings and those exposed to high levels of chronic psychosocial stress.

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“…Several viruses have been linked to T1DM, i.e Coxsackie, Mumps, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Retroviruses and Rotaviruses [136][137][138][139], otherwise several evidences link enteroviruses, in particular Coxsackie B4 virus to T1DM [140].…”

Section: Viruses and β-Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%