Susceptibility of Muscovy (Cairina Moschata) and mallard ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos) to experimental infections by different genotypes of H5N1 avian influenza viruses

Evolutionary dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 HA clades and vaccine implementation in Vietnam

“…Glycosylation at amino acid 170 in HA1 (position 170-172) is completely lost by changing from NST (as seen in clade 1 and 1.1 strains) and NNT (clade 2.3.4) to amino acids DNA in all strains of clades 2.3.2 origin and current 2.3.2.1(a,b,c) of Vietnam, China, Bangladesh, Indonesia and other countries [43,59,71], including those strains collected in 2014 of our current study (Table 1). …”

Differences in highly pathogenic avian influenza viral pathogenesis and associated early inflammatory response in chickens and ducks

“…Multiple organs of chickens are infected with HPAI virus. Some studies suggested that rapid replication and a high virus load is correlated with pathogenicity in chickens (Suzuki et al, 2009(Suzuki et al, , 2010Tada et al, 2011) and ducks (PantinJackwood & Swayne, 2007b;Pantin-Jackwood & Swayne, 2009;Pfeiffer et al, 2009;Phuong et al, 2011). However, others have suggested that the pronounced elevation of cytokines during HPAI infection contributes to the mortality (Moulin et al, 2011;Karpala et al, 2011a).…”

Risk factors for the introduction of avian influenza virus in breeder duck flocks during the first 24 weeks of laying

“…The main difference between these productions is the species of ducks used, suggesting a difference in resistance to AIV infection between Pekin and Muscovy ducks. Recent experimental infection trials showed that the pathogenicity of H5N1 AIV strains may differ in Pekin and Muscovy ducks but the infection rates observed in the both species was similar (Phong et al, 2011;Cagle et al, 2012). In addition, these observations were carried out on HPAI viruses only, and to the best of our knowledge no comparative study on the infection by LPAIV viruses of different duck species has been carried out.…”