Susceptibility to interference and intrusion errors in consequence of the dominant hemisphere’s hippocampal infarct: A case report

Abstract

We present a case of a man with an ischemic lesion of the left hippocampus. Detailed neuropsychological assessment revealed susceptibility to retroactive interference and a tendency to make intrusion errors in addition to mild deficits in the verbal memory processes. Although retroactive interference and intrusion errors are normally considered to be the manifestations of frontal lobe dysfunctions, the idea of susceptibility to interference has recently begun to emerge in the literature, as an explanation of medial temporal lobe amnesia. Our data support this new theory, suggesting that one role of the hippocampus is to decrease the interference during the learning processes.

The Effects of Acute Exercise on Retroactive Memory Interference

“…Previous work suggests that the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, both of which are activated with acute exercise, 17,18 may help to attenuate a memory interference effect. [19][20][21] For example, the hippocampus not only plays an integral role in subserving episodic memory but it may also help to minimize an interference effect during the learning process. 20 When 2 stimuli (eg, list A and B) occur within close proximity of each other, the 2 memory traces may create cellular competition and in turn induce a retroactive interference effect.…”

“…Participants jogged on a treadmill for 15 minutes with the first 5 minutes at an easy self-selected jogging intensity, maintaining a pace corresponding to an 11 to 12 rating of perceived exertion (RPE; range: 6-20). 40 The next 5 minutes were completed at a self-selected faster pace (keeping the pace at an RPE of 13-15) and the last 5 minutes at a self-selected hard pace (keeping the pace at an RPE of [16][17][18][19][20]. This progressive exercise intensity was employed to ensure that all participants reached a high intensity by the end of the exercise bout.…”

“…16 Further, the medial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, both of which are activated by exercise, 17,18 play an important role in attenuating retroactive interference. [19][20][21] Although accumulating research demonstrates that exercise may enhance memory function, 22 very little research has evaluated whether exercise can attenuate a memory interference effect. Further exploration of the potential for an exerciseinduced attenuation of retroactive interference is warranted, particularly within the health promotion discipline.…”

Retroactive Interference: Forgetting as an Interruption of Memory Consolidation

“…The permanent registration of memories would occur through their gradual storage -previously dependent on the hippocampal system -in the neocortex, based on the reorganization of the neural circuitry after the information has been encoded through the constant perseverance of the information learned, which becomes independent of the hippocampus (Dudai, 2012;Lechner et al, 1999;McGaugh, 1999;Squire & Alvarez, 1995;Wixted, 2010). Although researchers usually attribute the inhibitory mechanisms of cognitionrelated to the prefrontal cortex -to the existence of RI (Anderson, 2003;Anderson et al, 2000;Anderson & Spellman, 1995), there is also a hypothesis that the hippocampal formation -which is important for consolidation -is related to the loss of information in RI because, according to some researchers' interpretation, the hippocampus is fundamental to reducing susceptibility to interference (Andrejkovicks, Balla, & Bereczki, 2013;Winocur, Becker, Luu, Rosenzweig, & Wojtowicz, 2012;Wixted, 2004).…”

Interferência retroativa: o esquecimento como uma interrupção na consolidação da memória

“…O registro defi nitivo das memórias se daria pelo gradual armazenamento destas -antes depen-dentes do sistema hipocampal -no neocórtex, a partir da reorganização da circuitaria cerebral após a codifi cação da informação pela constante perseveração de uma informação aprendida, que se torna independente do hipocampo (Dudai, 2012;Lechner et al, 1999;McGaugh, 1999;Squire & Alvarez, 1995;Wixted, 2010). Apesar de normalmente pesquisadores atribuírem a mecanismos inibitórios da cognição -relacionados ao Córtex Pré-Frontal -a existência da IR (Anderson, 2003;Anderson et al, 2000;Anderson & Spellman, 1995), há também a hipótese de que a formação hipocampal -importante para a consolidação -também esteja relacionada com a perda de informação na IR, pois o hipocampo seria fundamental para reduzir a suscetibilidade à interferência segundo a interpretação de alguns autores (Andrejkovicks, Balla, & Bereczki, 2013;Winocur, Becker, Luu, Rosenzweig, & Wojtowicz, 2012;Wixted, 2004).…”