Susceptibility to Online Misinformation: A Systematic Meta-Analysis of Demographic and Psychological Factors

Abstract

Despite a surge of research into misinformation, it is largely unclear who falls for misinformation and why. We conducted a systematic individual participant data meta-analysis covering 256,337 unique choices made by 11,561 participants across 31 experiments. Our meta-analysis reveals the impact of key demographic and psychological factors on online misinformation veracity judgments. We also disentangle the ability to discern between true and false news (discrimination ability) from the response bias, that is, a tendency to label news as either true (true-news bias) or false (false-news bias). We find that older age, higher analytic thinking skills, and identifying as a Democrat are associated with higher discrimination ability. Older age and higher analytical thinking skills are also associated with a false-news bias (caution). In contrast, ideological congruency, motivated reflection, and familiarity are associated with a true-news bias (naïvety). Our results touch upon ongoing debates in the literature and provide critical insights that can help design targeted interventions.

The political (a)symmetry of metacognitive insight into detecting misinformation.

“…Many studies have examined political (a)symmetries at the object level. Republicans, relative to Democrats, are both exposed to and share more articles from unreliable websites (Grinberg et al, 2019;Guess et al, 2019Guess et al, , 2020, and there is growing evidence that conservatives are more susceptible to misinformation than liberals (Sultan et al, 2024). Similarly, political (a)symmetries in epistemic motives and abilities have also been a central theme in recent research.…”