Sustainability Issues, Challenges and Controversies Surrounding the Palm Oil Industry

Boonsawang, Piyarat; Youravong, Wirote

doi:10.1002/9781119072737.ch25

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Malaysia is acknowledged as a major global producer of palm oil, and as a result, it yields a significant amount of biomass from its oil palm processing. This biomass comprises elements like EFB, oil palm fronds (OPF), oil palm trunks (OPT), palm kernel cakes (PKC), and palm oil mill effluent (POME), as outlined by Boonsawang and Youravong [46]. Study by Bejarano et al [47] reported that merely 23% of waste and by-products from agro-industry are recycled back into the production process, leaving the bulk of these resources untapped.…”

Section: Oil Palm Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

Underutilized Malaysian Agro-Industrial Wastes as Sustainable Carbon Sources for Lactic Acid Production

Wan-Mohtar,

Khalid,

Rahim

et al. 2023

Fermentation

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Lactic acid is a versatile chemical with a wide range of industrial applications, including food additives as well as the production of biodegradable plastics, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. LA can be produced through carbohydrate fermentation using various microorganisms, including lactic acid bacteria (LAB). However, the high production cost of commercial fermentation media for lactic acid raises concerns among researchers. Consequently, there is a demand for research to develop new, more affordable, and sustainable fermentation media. Utilizing underutilized agro-industrial wastes from Malaysia, particularly in the coconut, oil palm, rice, and sugarcane processing industries, offers several advantages. These include biomass reuse, cost-effective production of valuable chemicals, and agricultural waste reduction. This review discusses the potential of underutilized Malaysian agro-industrial waste from the coconut, oil palm, rice and sugarcane processing industries as sustainable carbon sources for LA production. The topics covered encompass the chemical and nutritional composition of the wastes, their potential for lactic acid fermentation with specific microorganisms, factors influencing lactic acid production, and potential applications. Additionally, this review also highlights the challenges and opportunities associated with reutilizing agricultural waste for lactic acid production.

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Section: Oil Palm Wastementioning

confidence: 99%

Underutilized Malaysian Agro-Industrial Wastes as Sustainable Carbon Sources for Lactic Acid Production

Wan-Mohtar,

Khalid,

Rahim

et al. 2023

Fermentation

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“…The extraction of PO results in aqueous and solid byproducts, with the empty fruit bunch (EFB) being the most abundant solid residue, accounting for about 21% of the fresh fruit bunch (FFB) weight. EFB is typically utilized as composting material in plantations or as a low-grade fuel in boilers (Boonsawang and Youravong 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TEMPO Oxidation for High Cellulose Content Biomass: A Study on Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers

Martínez-Ramírez

Rincón‐Ortiz

Medrano

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Palm oil milling in Colombia generates abundant residual biomass. With a yearly production of over one million tons, empty fruit bunches (EFB) from palm oil extraction can be a valuable source of biopolymers due to their high cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose contents. We investigate the impact of reaction time, primary oxidizing agent, and a pretreatment process on the physicochemical properties of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TOCN) derived from palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers. Conductometric titrations (CT) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to determine the total carboxylate contents of nanocellulose and examine the influence of experimental parameters on the EFB-TOCN surface chemistry. Statistical analysis indicates a positive and significant influence of reaction time and primary oxidizing agent on EBF-TOCN degree of oxidation and surface charge density. Partial EFB delignification increased EFB-TOCN oxidation and reaction yield compared to EFB without pretreatment. We also found that only time significantly influences EFB-TOCN hydrodynamic radii, with a reaction length of over 120 minutes required to obtain nanocellulose below 100 nm in size. EFB-TOCN hydrodynamic radii, reaction yield, and oxidation are directly linked to reaction time, primary oxidizing agent amount, and biomass pretreatment process.

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“…EFB is typically utilized as a composting material in plantations or as a low-grade fuel in boilers. 3 With a yearly production of over sixty-eight million tons, empty fruit bunches (EFB) from PO extraction have the potential to be a valuable source of biopolymers due to their high cellulose (50.9%), lignin (17.84%), and hemicellulose (29.6%) contents. 4,5 Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on earth, is the primary structural component of all plant cell walls.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of reaction variables on the surface chemistry of cellulose nanofibers derived from palm oil empty fruit bunches

Martínez-Ramírez,

Rincón-Ortiz,

Baldovino-Medrano

et al. 2023

RSC Adv.

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Sustainability Issues, Challenges and Controversies Surrounding the Palm Oil Industry

Cited by 4 publications

References 81 publications

Underutilized Malaysian Agro-Industrial Wastes as Sustainable Carbon Sources for Lactic Acid Production

Underutilized Malaysian Agro-Industrial Wastes as Sustainable Carbon Sources for Lactic Acid Production

TEMPO Oxidation for High Cellulose Content Biomass: A Study on Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers

Influence of reaction variables on the surface chemistry of cellulose nanofibers derived from palm oil empty fruit bunches

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