“…Land transformations are mainly altered by anthropogenic pressure to maximize the economic benefits of human. The main drivers of the land transformations and global climate are amplified by the urbanization, over population, expansion of settlement, construction of roads, deforestation, changing agriculture pattern, exploitation of natural resources, tourism, demand of energy especially hydro projects in mountain regions (Chauhan et al, 2021;Chhogyel et al, 2020;Roy et al, 2022;Upadhayaya, 2015). Global climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressure are affecting regional biodiversity ecosystem and sustainable development.…”