Abstract:The continuous demand for thermoplastic polymers in a great variety of applications, combined with an urgent need to minimize the quantity of waste for a balanced energy-from-waste strategy, has led to increasing scientific interest in developing new recycling processes for plastic products. Glycol-modified polyethylene terephthalate (PETG) is known to have some enhanced properties as compared to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) homopolymer; this has recently attracted the interest from the fused filament fabr… Show more
“…During the second recycle course, Young’s modulus decreased by 25%, while tensile and fracture strength decreased by 10% at the third recycle course, causing a reduction in toughness by 37% [ 50 ]. Moreover, in the fourth recycle course, the impact strength and micro-hardness increased by 59% and 27%, respectively, and the tensile strength increased by 20% in the fifth recycle course [ 51 ]. This change in mechanical properties is due to multiple recycling, the slight change in polymer viscosity, inter-bead porosity, insufficient change in molecular weight or polydispersity index, and cross-linking during polymer waste processing [ 50 ].…”
Section: Reuse Of Waste Plastic In Fdmmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The thermal test performed over the R-ABS parts revealed that the probability of random chain scission in processed material due to thermo-mechanical recycling results in a decrease in glass transition temperature ( T g) and a reduction in the material's mechanical properties [ 36 ]. In the fifth course of recycling, the T g increases, but after the fifth recycling course, chemical degradation occurs, leading to the breakage of the polymeric chain of the parts [ 51 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Reuse Of Waste Plastic In Fdmmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… ABS Etelä-Karjalan Jätehuolto Oy (Lappeenranta, Finland) and Destaclean Oy (Tuusula, Finland) Filabot EX2 (Barre, VT, USA) 3 – 14.5 Nozzle clogging, material aging and additives in form of impurities reduced the strength [ 36 ] 17. ABS INEOS Styrolution Noztek Pro (from Noztek UK) single screw extruder 1.75 Flashforge 0.51 TS and FS were greater for the 5th recycle course, maximum CS for the 3rd recycle course, and maximum IS for the 4th recycle course [ 51 ] 18. ABS – Filastruder desktop extrusion kit – Roaddog Labs Bart 3D printer 31.90 ± 3.50 MPa Single time recycled ABS have good mechanical properties [ 50 ] 19.…”
Hailed since the fourth industrial revolution, three-dimensional (3D) printing or additive manufacturing (AM) has been extensively implemented in various manufacturing sectors. This process is popular for generating regular products and incorporating innovative designs into the components like auxetic structures, such as fabrication of engineering products, customized implants and sophisticated biomedical devices. Over the years, one of the interesting outputs of this emerging technology is the reuse of waste thermoplastic materials to produce competent products through the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The strength of FDM components produced from thermoplastic waste is lower than that of virgin plastic FDM counterparts. So, there is a need to understand the significant changes in the recycled thermoplastic material during subsequent extrusions, which are chain scission, change in viscosity and breaking strength. The use of additives has been a promising solution to improve the performance of recycled material for 3D printing applications. Hence, this study aims to provide an overview of reusing plastic waste through FDM-based 3D printing. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the effect of processing on thermo-mechanical properties of recycled plastic FDM parts and the use of various additives to improve the overall quality. In addition, two case studies from open literature have been demonstrated to explain the use of FDM and associated technology for plastic recycling.
“…During the second recycle course, Young’s modulus decreased by 25%, while tensile and fracture strength decreased by 10% at the third recycle course, causing a reduction in toughness by 37% [ 50 ]. Moreover, in the fourth recycle course, the impact strength and micro-hardness increased by 59% and 27%, respectively, and the tensile strength increased by 20% in the fifth recycle course [ 51 ]. This change in mechanical properties is due to multiple recycling, the slight change in polymer viscosity, inter-bead porosity, insufficient change in molecular weight or polydispersity index, and cross-linking during polymer waste processing [ 50 ].…”
Section: Reuse Of Waste Plastic In Fdmmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The thermal test performed over the R-ABS parts revealed that the probability of random chain scission in processed material due to thermo-mechanical recycling results in a decrease in glass transition temperature ( T g) and a reduction in the material's mechanical properties [ 36 ]. In the fifth course of recycling, the T g increases, but after the fifth recycling course, chemical degradation occurs, leading to the breakage of the polymeric chain of the parts [ 51 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Reuse Of Waste Plastic In Fdmmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… ABS Etelä-Karjalan Jätehuolto Oy (Lappeenranta, Finland) and Destaclean Oy (Tuusula, Finland) Filabot EX2 (Barre, VT, USA) 3 – 14.5 Nozzle clogging, material aging and additives in form of impurities reduced the strength [ 36 ] 17. ABS INEOS Styrolution Noztek Pro (from Noztek UK) single screw extruder 1.75 Flashforge 0.51 TS and FS were greater for the 5th recycle course, maximum CS for the 3rd recycle course, and maximum IS for the 4th recycle course [ 51 ] 18. ABS – Filastruder desktop extrusion kit – Roaddog Labs Bart 3D printer 31.90 ± 3.50 MPa Single time recycled ABS have good mechanical properties [ 50 ] 19.…”
Hailed since the fourth industrial revolution, three-dimensional (3D) printing or additive manufacturing (AM) has been extensively implemented in various manufacturing sectors. This process is popular for generating regular products and incorporating innovative designs into the components like auxetic structures, such as fabrication of engineering products, customized implants and sophisticated biomedical devices. Over the years, one of the interesting outputs of this emerging technology is the reuse of waste thermoplastic materials to produce competent products through the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The strength of FDM components produced from thermoplastic waste is lower than that of virgin plastic FDM counterparts. So, there is a need to understand the significant changes in the recycled thermoplastic material during subsequent extrusions, which are chain scission, change in viscosity and breaking strength. The use of additives has been a promising solution to improve the performance of recycled material for 3D printing applications. Hence, this study aims to provide an overview of reusing plastic waste through FDM-based 3D printing. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the effect of processing on thermo-mechanical properties of recycled plastic FDM parts and the use of various additives to improve the overall quality. In addition, two case studies from open literature have been demonstrated to explain the use of FDM and associated technology for plastic recycling.
“…Figure 2 presents the flow chart of the current research. ABS was selected as it is the second-most popular material in MEX 3D printing [45]. For the preparation of the experiments' workpieces, industrial-grade Terluran Hi-10 ABS in powder form was procured from INEOS Styrolution (INEOS AG, Frankfurt, Germany).…”
The feasibility of joining material extrusion (MEX) 3D-printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plates with the friction stir welding (FSW) process was investigated herein as a promising topic of hybrid additive manufacturing (HAM). The influence of three process parameters on the mechanical strength of the joints was thoroughly examined and analyzed with a full factorial experimental design and statistical modeling. Hereto, the welding tool pin geometry, travel speed, and rotational speed were investigated. The joint’s efficiency and quality are evaluated through tensile tests and morphological characterization. More specifically, specimens’ areas of particular interest were investigated with stereoscopic, optical, and scanning electron microscopy. Throughout the FSW experimental course, the welding temperature was monitored to evaluate the state of the ABS material during the process. The majority of the welded specimens exhibited increased mechanical strength compared with the respective ones of non-welded 3D printed specimens of the same geometry. Statistical modeling proved that all processing parameters were significant. The feasibility of the FSW process in 3D printed ABS workpieces was confirmed, making the FSW a cost-effective process for joining 3D printing parts, further expanding the industrial merit of the approach.
“…Additively manufactured components are increasingly used as structural components in today's technical practise. [1][2][3] The time required to obtain a working component or assembly is drastically reduced using this method. Therefore, it is important to think about how different mechanical loads and the effects of the environment over time will affect the final part's qualities and behavior.…”
Additive manufacturing technique fused filament fabrication (FFF) has found widespread usage in a variety of sectors, because of its ability to produce parts with arbitrary geometries and intricate internal structures. This study focuses on the characterization of polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) composites under compressive force to learn more about how various nozzle diameter (ND) and infill pattern (IP) affect the fabricated specimens. The specimens are created with various combination of IPs (triangular, honeycomb, and rectilinear) and NDs (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mm) utilizing three polymer composites namely carbon fiber filled PLA (CF-PLA), carbon fiber filled PETG (CF-PETG), and multi walled carbon nano tubes filled PLA (MWCNTs-PLA). According to the findings, the higher ND improves the compressive properties of the polymer composites. The IP also has significant impact on the compressive properties of the fabricated specimens. The overall minimum compressive strength of 14.612 MPa at ND 0.2 mm and honeycomb IP for CF-PLA specimen. The overall maximum compressive strength achieved is 45.269 MPa at ND 0.6 mm and rectilinear IP for MWCNTs-PLA specimen.Therefore, the compressive strength is enhanced by 209.81% by modifying the process parameters and filament material. Based on statistical analysis using Taguchi method, the ND contributes highest, 79.61% to compressive strength of MWCNTs-PLA specimens, but for CF-PLA and CF-PETG specimens, IP contributes highest, 52.65% and 57.91%, respectively. The aforementioned findings will be extremely useful to scientists attempting to achieve sustainability through the use of polymer composites and FFF process.compressive behavior, fused filament fabrication, infill pattern, nozzle diameter, polymer composites
| INTRODUCTIONAdditive manufacturing (AM) has evolved from a prototyping technique to one employed in the manufacture of finished, consumer-ready goods. Additively manufactured components are increasingly used as structural components in today's technical practise. [1][2][3] The time required to obtain a working component or assembly is drastically reduced using this method. Therefore, it is important to think about how different mechanical loads and the effects of the environment over time will affect the final part's qualities and behavior. The AM of
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