Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production through power-to-liquid (PtL): A combined techno-economic and life cycle assessment

Rojas-Michaga, Maria Fernanda; Michailos, Stavros; Cardozo, Evelyn; Akram, Muhammad; Hughes, Kevin J.; Ingham, D.B.; Pourkashanian, Mohamed

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117427

Cited by 37 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…93 The electricity-based kerosene costs with around 6000−8000 € 2022 /t Kero are also within the range of other studies. 18 However, these are very dependent on the assumed electricity costs.…”

Section: Hybridmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since there is no direct dependence on a limited (biogenic) feedstock, this option offers huge production potentials. 18 Worldwide bioethanol production amounts to about 100 Mt a −1 (2670 PJ), mainly used as a biogenic fuel component within the ground-based transport sector. Technologywise, the production is mainly carried out by fermentation of sugars to ethanol and CO 2 ; 19 the respective process technology is marketmature with a technology and fuel readiness level of 9.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For such a CO 2 provision from ambient air, for splitting water into the desired hydrogen and oxygen, and for the overall process, electrical energy is required as an energetic input in large quantities. Since there is no direct dependence on a limited (biogenic) feedstock, this option offers huge production potentials …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid Biomass- and Electricity-Based Kerosene Production─A Techno-Economic Analysis

Voß,

Bube,

Kaltschmitt

2024

Energy Fuels

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Substitution of fossil kerosene with sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) is a key instrument for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the aviation industry and achieving the sector’s climate targets. Today, purely biomass- or electricity-based SAF production pathways are discussed. However, combining both approaches offers potential advantages, especially in terms of carbon utilization and product maximization. Thus, the goal of this paper is to carry out a techno-economic analysis of two hybrid processes that combine both biomass- and electricity-based production processes and can thus directly utilize the CO2 off-gas that inevitably occurs in the biomass-based process. The investigated process pathways are characterized by the biogenic intermediates being ethanol and biogas. The respective pathways are analyzed and compared in terms of technical (carbon and energy efficiency) and economic (kerosene production costs) indicators based on steady-state process simulation. These investigations show that although the process using ethanol is more efficient in terms of carbon utilization, it has a higher specific energy requirement for the target product kerosene than the biogas-based process. In both processes, the carbon and energy efficiency are below 30%, partly due to the unused carbon and energy of the solid residue, which cannot be biochemically converted. Despite the differences in process technology, both processes can achieve approximately the same kerosene production costs of 2775 €2022/tKero. The addition of the electricity-based process results in significantly increasing production costs resulting from the investments in electrolyzers and the cost of renewable electricity. However, carbon efficiency and product generation can be increased by 13% points in terms of total hydrocarbon production compared to those of a purely biomass-based production.

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Section: Hybridmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hybrid Biomass- and Electricity-Based Kerosene Production─A Techno-Economic Analysis

Voß,

Bube,

Kaltschmitt

2024

Energy Fuels

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“…Hydrocarbon synthesis can occur via FT or methanol to jet fuel pathways. The FT process surpasses the methanol route, as blends comprising 50% FT-derived SAF and 50% conventional jet fuel are ASTM certified as a drop in, highlighting its superior performance in aviation fuel application . In the PtL pathway, FT synthesis involves converting syngas (a mixture of CO and H 2 ) into liquid hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst based on iron or cobalt .…”

Section: Development Of Sustainable Aviation Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The FT process surpasses the methanol route, as blends comprising 50% FT-derived SAF and 50% conventional jet fuel are ASTM certified as a drop in, highlighting its superior performance in aviation fuel application. 82 In the PtL pathway, FT synthesis involves converting syngas (a mixture of CO and H 2 ) into liquid hydrocarbons in the presence of a catalyst based on iron or cobalt. 80 Catalytically controlled FT reactions yield hydrocarbon blends with varying carbon chain lengths, generating water as the primary byproduct.…”

Section: Development Of Sustainable Aviation Fuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Aviation Fuels for Clean Skies: Exploring the Potential and Perspectives of Strained Hydrocarbons

Wang,

Rijal

2024

Energy Fuels

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Fuel is the lifeblood of the aviation industry. The pressing need to reduce carbon emissions calls for the adoption of sustainable aviation fuels (SAFs) as a feasible alternative, particularly in the absence of widespread hydrogen usage. SAFs with high energy density (HED) hold great promise due to their favorable weight and volume characteristics. This comprehensive review article delves into the history of aviation fuel, essential requirements for aviation fuels, and the imperative for SAF development, focusing on the power-to-liquid (PtL) pathway to produce SAFs. It particularly concentrates on recent advancements in the screening and design of new strained hydrocarbons as high-performance SAFs. By utilizing machine learning (ML) techniques, potential strained hydrocarbon or cycloalkane structures have been identified and optimized, revealing superior potentials for energy content and other critical properties that enhance the efficiency and performance of SAFs. The review also provides a perspective with a forward-looking approach and a route map in the development of new SAFs, including the exploration of strain energy in cycloalkanes through quantum mechanical calculations, the establishment of structure–property relationships for rational design, and the need for a technoeconomic assessment (TEA) of their production. It further highlights the potential new directions in SAF development.

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Resource Options and Challenges for Sustainable Aviation Fuels

Madugu,

Lea-Langton

2024

Lecture Notes in Energy

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Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production through power-to-liquid (PtL): A combined techno-economic and life cycle assessment

Cited by 37 publications

References 58 publications

Hybrid Biomass- and Electricity-Based Kerosene Production─A Techno-Economic Analysis

Hybrid Biomass- and Electricity-Based Kerosene Production─A Techno-Economic Analysis

Sustainable Aviation Fuels for Clean Skies: Exploring the Potential and Perspectives of Strained Hydrocarbons

Resource Options and Challenges for Sustainable Aviation Fuels

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