Sustainable Development of Chitosan/Calotropis procera-Based Hydrogels to Stimulate Formation of Granulation Tissue and Angiogenesis in Wound Healing Applications

Abstract

The formation of new scaffolds to enhance healing magnitude is necessarily required in biomedical applications. Granulation tissue formation is a crucial stage of wound healing in which granulation tissue grows on the surface of a wound by the formation of connective tissue and blood vessels. In the present study, porous hydrogels were synthesized using chitosan incorporating latex of the Calotropis procera plant by using a freeze–thaw cycle to stimulate the formation of granulation tissue and angiogenesis in wound healing applications. Structural analysis through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the interaction between chitosan and Calotropis procera. Latex extract containing hydrogel showed slightly higher absorption than the control during water absorption analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis showed high thermal stability of the 60:40 combination of chitosan (CS) and Calotropis procera as compared to all other treatments and controls. A fabricated scaffold application on a chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) showed that all hydrogels containing latex extract resulted in a significant formation of blood vessels and regeneration of cells. Overall, the formation of connective tissues and blood capillaries and healing magnitude decreased in ascending order of concentration of extract.

Development of Hydrogels with the Incorporation of Raphanus sativus L. Seed Extract in Sodium Alginate for Wound-Healing Application

“…Furthermore, it is an in vivo model of experimentation and is considered as an appropriate substitute to the conventional rodent experimentation, which requires complex experimental conditions and a longer time frame to achieve the results. This is a low cost, quick, and simple technique and meets the criteria of the 3R principle (reduce, refine, replace) [1]. All SEs containing hydrogels showed some extent of healing, but healing decreases as the SE ratio decreases.…”

“…For this purpose, we chose this plant extract to check its healing potential, and our results showed positive outcomes. It is also stated that Raphanus sativus L. is abundant in secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, and flavonoids [1]. In other plants, these compounds are responsible for healing, so we can say that these compounds may be responsible for the healing capability of radish plants.…”

“…The world of science is searching for innovative schemes and practices to devise and formulate materials for the redevelopment and healing of wounds, which will give them advanced medical support to improve bio-accessibility at the wound area [1]. Skin is the largest and most sensitive part of the human body and can easily be harmed by persistent diseases or severe injuries [2].…”

The Antimicrobial Peptide Esculentin-1a(1–21)NH₂ Stimulates Wound Healing by Promoting Angiogenesis through the PI3K/AKT Pathway

“…3) It is well known that, the normal healing process is characterized by well-formed granulation, which has a pink granular appearance and is filled with new microvessels. 4,5) However, reduced angiogenesis results in insufficient nutrient and oxygen delivery to the wound bed and poor granulation formation. In addition, early development of a functional neovascular system is associated with enhanced maintenance of the extracellular matrix, which prevents scarring and subsequent wound site contraction.…”

Preparation and Evaluation of Polymer-Based Ultrasound Gel and Its Application in Ultrasonography

“…It transfers ultrasound waves between the patient’s skin and the transducer and reduces the mismatch of acoustic impedance as it has matching acoustic impedance with soft tissues (1.5 MRayls) for complete transmission of ultrasound waves. Complete transmission of waves results in good images [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ].…”