Sustainable development of perovskite solar cells: keeping a balance between toxicity and efficiency

Abstract

The term “sustainable solar cell” deals with human health and the realization of the sustainable development of the community. As a potential candidate, perovskite solar cell (PSC) has been hot...

First-Principles Study of Group VA Monolayer Passivators for Perovskite Solar Cells

“…The PSCs have also been used for converting light to electricity for electrocatalytic hydrogen production . Despite their excellent performance, , long-term operational stability remains the main obstacle for its commercialization. The exposure to moisture and oxidation, thermal stress, and ion migration would deteriorate the PSCs and cause the efficiency loss .…”

Solvent bath annealing-induced liquid phase Ostwald ripening enabling efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

“…1,2 The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has exceeded 25%, demonstrating their bright prospects as next generation low-cost photovoltaics. [3][4][5][6] The PCE and stability performance of PSCs are strongly related to the morphology and optoelectronic properties of perovskite lms, which heavily depend on the fabrication process. Therefore, it is crucial to improve the quality of the perovskite lm through optimization of the lm deposition and posttreatment processes to achieve efficient and stable PSCs.…”

A Semitransparent Silver–Bismuth Iodide Solar Cell with Voc above 0.8 V for Indoor Photovoltaics

“…Organic–inorganic lead halide perovskites (OIHPs) are some of the most promising materials for photovoltaics (PVs). Over recent years, by making the best utilization of their properties such as large absorption coefficients, small exciton binding energies, and high carrier mobilities, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OIHP solar cells has been increased up to 25.8%, comparable with that of silicon-based solar cells. , However, the environmental toxicity of lead (Pb) remains a discouraging factor for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells. , To overcome this problem, a great amount of effort has been and is being put into Pb-free perovskites and perovskite-like compounds. For example, the substitution of Pb with a divalent metal, like tin (Sn 2+ ) or germanium (Ge 2+ ), has produced impressive results, but the rapid oxidation of Sn 2+ to Sn 4+ or Ge 2+ to Ge 4+ makes them unstable, with intensive efforts needed to stabilize the device. − Heterovalent substitution is another approach, where a trivalent cation such as Bi 3+ with the same n s 2 electron configuration as Pb 2+ is used in combination with a monovalent cation such as Ag + to compensate for the two Pb 2+ ions in the structure, resulting in double perovskites, A 2 M′M″X 6 (Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 , Cs 2 AgInCl 6 , Cs 2 AgSbCl 6 , etc.…”

“…1,2 However, the environmental toxicity of lead (Pb) remains a discouraging factor for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells. 3,4 To overcome this problem, a great amount of effort has been and is being put into Pb-free perovskites and perovskite-like compounds. For example, the substitution of Pb with a divalent metal, like tin (Sn 2+ ) or germanium (Ge 2+ ), has produced impressive results, but the rapid oxidation of Sn 2+ to Sn 4+ or Ge 2+ to Ge 4+ makes them unstable, with intensive efforts needed to stabilize the device.…”