“…For instance, the COVID-19 pandemic caused labor shortages, supply chain disruption, and import and export challenges (Aday, 2020; Ahmed and Azra, 2022). In addition, earthquakes can fundamentally damage infrastructure like transportation networks, storage systems and processing plants (Huang et al ., 2022; Mohamad Taghvaee et al ., 2022a,b; Nasrollahi et al ., 2020; Tokui et al ., 2017). Moreover, floods inundate fields, erode soils and damage infrastructure like transportation networks (Haraguchi and Lall, 2015; Khan et al ., 2021; Taghvaee et al ., 2022b).…”