Sustainable electronic biomaterials for body-compliant devices: Challenges and perspectives for wearable bio-mechanical sensors and body energy harvesters

de Marzo, Gaia; Mastronardi, Vincenzo Mariano; Todaro, Maria Teresa; Blasi, Laura; Antonaci, Valentina; Algieri, Luciana; Scaraggi, Michele; De Vittorio, Massimo

doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109336

Nano Energy

2024

DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2024.109336

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Sustainable electronic biomaterials for body-compliant devices: Challenges and perspectives for wearable bio-mechanical sensors and body energy harvesters

Gaia de Marzo,

Vincenzo Mariano Mastronardi,

Maria Teresa Todaro

et al.

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Cited by 11 publications

References 194 publications

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Recent Advances in Wearable Electromechanical Sensors Based on Auxetic Textiles

Razbin,

Bagherzadeh,

Asadnia

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Textile‐based electromechanical sensors are increasingly used as wearable sensors for various applications, such as health monitoring and human‐machine interfaces. These sensors are becoming increasingly popular as they offer a comfortable and conformable sensing platform and possess properties that can be tuned by selecting different fiber materials, yarn‐spinning techniques, or fabric fabrication methods. Although it is still in its early stages, recent attempts have been made to introduce auxeticity to textile sensors to enhance their sensitivity. Having a negative Poisson's ratio, i.e., undergoing expansion laterally when subjected to tensile forces and contraction laterally under compressive forces, makes them distinct from conventional sensors with positive Poisson's ratio. This unique feature has demonstrated great potential in enhancing the performance of electromechanical sensors. This review presents an overview of electromechanical sensors based on auxetic textiles (textiles made from auxetic materials and/or non‐auxetic materials but with auxetic structures), specifically focusing on how the unique auxetic deformation impacts sensing performance. Sensors based on different working mechanisms, including piezoelectric, triboelectric, piezoresistive, and piezocapacitive, are covered. It is envisioned that incorporating auxeticity and electromechanical sensing capabilities into textiles will significantly advance wearable technology, leading to new sensors for health monitoring, fitness tracking, and smart clothing.

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Recent Advances in Wearable Electromechanical Sensors Based on Auxetic Textiles

Razbin,

Bagherzadeh,

Asadnia

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Design, Fabrication, and Wearable Medical Application of a High‐Resolution Flexible Capacitive Temperature Sensor Based on the Thermotropic Phase Transition Composites of PEO/PVDF‐HFP/H₃PO₄

Hu,

Liu,

Zhu

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Phase transition materials have the potential to be utilized as high‐resolution temperature‐sensitive materials. However, it is a challenge to develop them into temperature sensors with good stability and repeatability. In this work, inspired by phase transition theory and the electrical double‐layer capacitance principle, a novel high‐resolution flexible capacitive temperature sensor based on Polyethylene oxide(PEO)/Poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene)/H3PO4 is proposed for the first time. By blending high and low molecular weight PEO and adding ionic solution, the proposed sensor exhibits high resolution (0.05 °C) and response speed (<12 s) within 35–43 °C. The novel introduction of a mesh structure aids the material in achieving microdomain control of PEO crystallization and improves the repeatability (Ex < 2.2%) of the sensor. The sensor is used for monitoring human body temperature and diabetic foot ulcers, and the results show that the sensor can achieve continuous and comfortable body temperature monitoring and early‐stage diabetic foot ulcer diagnosis, offering broad applications in health monitoring and rehabilitation medicine.

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A Highly Stretchable, Conductive, and Transparent Bioadhesive Hydrogel as a Flexible Sensor for Enhanced Real‐Time Human Health Monitoring

Roy,

Zenker,

Jain

et al. 2024

Advanced Materials

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Real‐time continuous monitoring of non‐cognitive markers is crucial for the early detection and management of chronic conditions. Current diagnostic methods are often invasive and not suitable for at‐home monitoring. An elastic, adhesive, and biodegradable hydrogel‐based wearable sensor with superior accuracy and durability for monitoring real‐time human health is developed. Employing a supramolecular engineering strategy, a pseudo‐slide‐ring hydrogel is synthesized by combining polyacrylamide (pAAm), β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD), and poly 2‐(acryloyloxy)ethyltrimethylammonium chloride (AETAc) bio ionic liquid (Bio‐IL). This novel approach decouples conflicting mechano–chemical effects arising from different molecular building blocks and provides a balance of mechanical toughness (1.1 × 106 Jm−3), flexibility, conductivity (≈0.29 S m−1), and tissue adhesion (≈27 kPa), along with rapid self‐healing and remarkable stretchability (≈3000%). Unlike traditional hydrogels, the one‐pot synthesis avoids chemical crosslinkers and metallic nanofillers, reducing cytotoxicity. While the pAAm provides mechanical strength, the formation of the pseudo‐slide‐ring structure ensures high stretchability and flexibility. Combining pAAm with β‐CD and pAETAc enhances biocompatibility and biodegradability, as confirmed by in vitro and in vivo studies. The hydrogel also offers transparency, passive‐cooling, ultraviolet (UV)‐shielding, and 3D printability, enhancing its practicality for everyday use. The engineered sensor demonstratesimproved efficiency, stability, and sensitivity in motion/haptic sensing, advancing real‐time human healthcare monitoring.

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Sustainable electronic biomaterials for body-compliant devices: Challenges and perspectives for wearable bio-mechanical sensors and body energy harvesters

Cited by 11 publications

References 194 publications

Recent Advances in Wearable Electromechanical Sensors Based on Auxetic Textiles

Recent Advances in Wearable Electromechanical Sensors Based on Auxetic Textiles

Design, Fabrication, and Wearable Medical Application of a High‐Resolution Flexible Capacitive Temperature Sensor Based on the Thermotropic Phase Transition Composites of PEO/PVDF‐HFP/H₃PO₄

A Highly Stretchable, Conductive, and Transparent Bioadhesive Hydrogel as a Flexible Sensor for Enhanced Real‐Time Human Health Monitoring

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Product

Resources

About

Sustainable electronic biomaterials for body-compliant devices: Challenges and perspectives for wearable bio-mechanical sensors and body energy harvesters

Cited by 11 publications

References 194 publications

Recent Advances in Wearable Electromechanical Sensors Based on Auxetic Textiles

Recent Advances in Wearable Electromechanical Sensors Based on Auxetic Textiles

Design, Fabrication, and Wearable Medical Application of a High‐Resolution Flexible Capacitive Temperature Sensor Based on the Thermotropic Phase Transition Composites of PEO/PVDF‐HFP/H3PO4

A Highly Stretchable, Conductive, and Transparent Bioadhesive Hydrogel as a Flexible Sensor for Enhanced Real‐Time Human Health Monitoring

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Design, Fabrication, and Wearable Medical Application of a High‐Resolution Flexible Capacitive Temperature Sensor Based on the Thermotropic Phase Transition Composites of PEO/PVDF‐HFP/H₃PO₄