Sustainable Green Approaches for Wastewater Purification

Nano revolution: pioneering the future of water reclamation with micro-/nano-robots

“…Microorganisms can adapt to their environment, enter a dormant state for prolonged survival without nutrients, and resume growth when the conditions improve. 8,19,23 They can also develop resistance to purifying techniques and create toxins as byproducts, which makes their complete eradication difficult. Disinfection methods rely on ozone, chlorine, chloramines, or UV therapy.…”

“…6,7 MNRs have recently emerged as a compelling technology that provides the opportunity to actively maneuver micro-/nano-particles in an aqueous medium while promising high interaction efficacy and spatiotemporal precision. 8 The development of MNRs has enabled a variety of micromachines that can be driven by light, 9,10 magnetic field, 11–13 or chemical 14–17 methods for pollutant removal and degradation.…”

“…32 MNRs typically range from 10 nm to 100 μm, while nanorobots are smaller, measuring less than 1 μm. 8,16,24,28,38 For example, the ideal magnetic MNR would have a magnetic engine at its heart, allowing it to precisely regulate its position, speed, and trajectory by adjusting the parameters of the magnetic field, as shown in Fig. 2.…”