Sustainable Ketalization of Glycerol with Ethyl Levulinate Catalyzed by the Iron(III)-Based Metal-Organic Framework MIL-88A

Abstract

The catalytic properties of a simple iron-containing MOF based on fumaric acid, MIL-88A, were investigated in the ketalization of ethyl levulinate with glycerol. The corresponding product is a component of current interest as a renewable building block for many uses. Under the following conditions (solventless, 120 °C, stoichiometric ratio, 1% cat.), the reaction proceeds with good yields (85%), and the catalyst can be recovered and recycled without loss of activity, despite some changes in the crystalline lattice and morphology. Moreover, the residual iron content in the product is in the order of units of ppm (≤2), which demonstrates the robustness of the MOF under the reaction conditions.

Catalysis for Oleochemical Platforms

“…The renewable reactants, glycerol and ethyl levulinate, were used to obtain a biobased ketal in mild conditions. High yields (84 %) were obtained using quasi‐stochiometric amounts of reactants, 1 % mol of catalyst, 120 °C, in 22 h. The catalyst has been recovered and reused up to five times without loss of activity [124] …”

“…High yields (84 %) were obtained using quasistochiometric amounts of reactants, 1 % mol of catalyst, 120 °C, in 22 h. The catalyst has been recovered and reused up to five times without loss of activity. [124] Another typology of homogeneous ketalization is the catalysis with ionic liquids (ILs). Gui et al, in 2016, described for the first time the use of BAILs (Brønsted Acid Ionic Liquids) for the formation of solketal.…”

Glycerol Ketal Biobased Product Preparation from Biomass-Derived Reactants Using an H-ZSM-5 Catalyst for Oil Color Painting Application

“…Initial screening showed the importance of removing generated water resulting from condensation during the reaction. For instance, running the reaction in a closed vessel 36 or with a condenser only gave 50% conversion to products even after extended reaction times. Trials to remove water using molecular sieves proved unsuccessful, where negligible increases in yields were observed.…”

Unveiling Stereo‐Electronic Effects in Homogeneous Catalysis Integrating Theory and Experiments: the Potential of Dimeric Iron(III) Salen Complexes in Methyl Levulinate Transesterification

“…They find applications as solvents, additives in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, food flavorings, and plasticizers, among others. [6][7][8][9] The production of esters typically involves the esterification of acids or the transesterification of lighter esters into heavier ones. Despite the apparent simplicity of these reactions, their large-scale application and broad scope face practical challenges.…”

“…One widely used class of compounds in many industries is esters, which serve multiple functions across a broad range of applications. They find applications as solvents, additives in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, food flavorings, and plasticizers, among others [6–9] …”