Sustainable low liquor ratio dyeing of cotton with C.I. Reactive Blue 21 using dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate

Abstract

Low liquor ratio (material to liquor ratio = 1:5) dyeing of cotton fabric with C.I. Reactive Blue 21 using dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate as a surfactant was thoroughly analyzed. The dye–surfactant interactions in the micelles during low liquor ratio dyeing were investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and the chemical mechanism of the process was evaluated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Cotton fabric was subjected to low liquor ratio dyeing and conventional dyeing by varying the temperature, pH, treatment time, and non-identical chemical concentration. The effectiveness of the process was assessed based on the color strength ( K/ S), exhaustion (%), fixation (%), and levelness. Low liquor ratio dyeing afforded superior dyeing compared to conventional dyeing, attributed to the anti-agglomeration effects of the former, which also had no adverse impact on the fastness of the dye. The lower environmental impact due to the lower effluent footprint (biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, and dissolved oxygen) is another benefit of low liquor ratio dyeing. High-pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses revealed that the low liquor ratio dyed fabric is free of toxic substances (alkylphenol ethoxylates and formaldehyde). Moreover, low liquor ratio dyeing is more cost-effective and outperformed conventional dyeing in all aspects, while being a sustainable process.

Fabrication of UV-Protective Polyester Fabric with Polysorbate 20 Incorporating Fluorescent Color

“…The possible interaction between dye, polysorbate 20, and fabric samples is shown in Figure 2 . Because of the inherent chemical characteristics of the surfactant, polysorbate easily becomes oriented on the surface of the dyebath and forms micelle together with coumarin dye (C 19 H 18 N 2 O 3 ) molecules, as investigated in our previous study [ 22 ]. The hydroxyl groups (-OH) present in the tail of the polysorbate confer solubility.…”

“…An exhaust dyeing technique was followed to develop all the samples. Dyeing and polysorbate incorporation were carried out simultaneously [ 22 , 28 ]. For better pipetting precision, 1% stock solutions were prepared in favor of dye, chemical, and acid.…”

“…The amount of different chemical concentrations used for the fabrication of UV-protective polyester fabrics is summarized in Table 1 . Once the bath was prepared, a fabric sample was added and the machine started running with a pre-set program accordingly [ 22 , 29 ]. Cold rinsing with de-ionized water was followed by dyeing to remove residual dyes and auxiliaries.…”

“…However, exhaust dyeing is the most familiar method for applying disperse dyes to polyester knitted fabric. After the completion of the dyeing cycle, the substrate is rinsed with water to wash off the unfixed dyestuffs [ 21 , 22 ].…”

Effect of neutralizers and silicone softeners on phenolic yellowing phenomenon of OBA treated cotton knitted fabric

“…So, textile materials are often advised to not be placed in poly bags which have antioxidants like BHT. BHT is a volatile compound having low vapor pressure thus can be easily transferred to textile goods when comes in contact [12,13]. The interaction produces a compound named 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4 -nitrophenol (DTNP), which is the main source of phenolic yellowing [14].…”