Sustainable management of spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst from a circular economy approach

Alonso-Fariñas, Bernabé; Rodríguez‐Galán, Mónica; Arenas, Celia; Torralvo, Fátima Arroyo; Leiva, Carlos

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2020.04.046

Cited by 44 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Furthermore, an increase in the loading percentage of spent FCC in the catalytic pyrolysis of WPEW increased both Lewis acid and Brønsted acid active sites, which consisted of strong acidity and was favorable for coke formation by mass transfer of small molecules through the external surface and hindering contact between the large structure and the active sites inside the catalyst, thereby accelerating the decomposition of volatile vapor into small hydrocarbon compounds and obtaining a greater product distribution in the gas yield. 15 , 17 , 20 , 23 , 32 The product distribution of the liquid product consisted of naphtha from 29.31 to 35.88 wt % by the use of spent FCC loading increased from 1 to 5 wt %, whereas kerosene, diesel, and long-chain residue contents decreased to 15.03–13.51, 34.51–27.97, and 3.72–2.56 wt %, respectively. The effect of the acidic sites in the metal oxides could facilitate the dehydration reaction of organic molecules, which could also promote the cleavage of the macromolecules into small ones.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Noncondensable gases affected the decrease in liquids and solid yield, while the yield of the gas product increased. Furthermore, an increase in the loading percentage of spent FCC in the catalytic pyrolysis of WPEW increased both Lewis acid and Brønsted acid active sites, which consisted of strong acidity and was favorable for coke formation by mass transfer of small molecules through the external surface and hindering contact between the large structure and the active sites inside the catalyst, thereby accelerating the decomposition of volatile vapor into small hydrocarbon compounds and obtaining a greater product distribution in the gas yield. ,,,, The product distribution of the liquid product consisted of naphtha from 29.31 to 35.88 wt % by the use of spent FCC loading increased from 1 to 5 wt %, whereas kerosene, diesel, and long-chain residue contents decreased to 15.03–13.51, 34.51–27.97, and 3.72–2.56 wt %, respectively. The effect of the acidic sites in the metal oxides could facilitate the dehydration reaction of organic molecules, which could also promote the cleavage of the macromolecules into small ones. ,, When using a spent FCC loading of 1–5 wt %, it was found that using a spent FCC increased the product distribution in the naphtha-like range, while kerosene, diesel, and a long residue range also decreased due to the influence of the active site on the spent FCC enhanced to promote the dehydrogenation reactions, affecting an increase in the hydrogen transfer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pyrolysis oil was analyzed using a Varian CP-3800 simulated distillation gas chromatograph (Varian, Inc., U.S.A.) coupled with an RTX2887 capillary column according to a simulated distillation of petroleum products (ASTM-D86) determined by the boiling points of the crude oil components as well as the distillate fraction from C 5 to materials that boil at approximately 200 °C are classified as naphtha-like, kerosene-like (200–250 °C), diesel-like (250–370 °C) and boiling point range over 370 °C, which are also classified as long residuals. 23 An Agilent GC-MS 7890/5978 instrument (Agilent Technologies, U.S.A.) and a nonpolar HP-5MS column coated with a 0.25 μm thickness film of 5% diphenyl and 95% dimethylpolysiloxane were used to identify the carbon number from the catalytic pyrolysis of waste PE wax. A volume of 1 μL of liquid oil was injected into the column with helium carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.5 mL min –1 , and the pyrolysis oil compounds were ionized at an ionization energy of 70 eV.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Combined Activated Carbon with Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst and MgO for the Catalytic Conversion of Waste Polyethylene Wax into Diesel-like Hydrocarbon Fuels

et al. 2022

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Catalytic pyrolysis of polymer waste is an attractive alternative process for the conversion of large hydrocarbon compounds to useful products for the most reliable fueling and valuable chemicals, growing toward a circular economy and enhancing the reduction of waste materials. In this study, catalytic pyrolysis of waste polyethylene wax (WPEW) using a dual acid–acid catalyst and acid–base catalyst, which had various pore size distributions and included a strong active site, maximized the desirable yield and product distribution. The effect of the process conditions and synergy of activated carbon (AC) blended into both a spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst (FCC) and magnesium oxide (MgO) catalyst was examined in a 3000 cm 3 custom-built reactor at varying operating temperatures (400–470 °C), inert nitrogen gas flow rates (50 mL min –1 ), catalyst loading (1–5 wt %), and FCC-AC and MgO-AC ratios in the catalytic conversion of WPEW to obtain the highest amount of diesel-like oil. The results indicated that thermal cracking of WPEW at 420 °C by a fixed inert N 2 flow rate of 50 mL min –1 obtained the highest liquid yield of 81.64 wt % and a diesel-like fraction of 35.51 wt %, while the catalytic conversion of WPEW under optimum conditions (temperature: 420 °C; fixed inert N 2 flow rate: 50 mL min –1 ; catalyst load: 5 wt %; MgO-AC ratio: 0.5:0.5) achieved the highest liquid diesel-like yield of 41.92 wt %. Physicochemical analyses showed that the highest heating value of WPEW pyrolytic oil was 44.20 MJ kg –1 , and the viscosity was 1.7 mm 2 s –1 at 40 °C. The combination of MgO-AC as a dual catalyst illustrates a positive synergistic effect on the catalytic activity performance markedly, outstanding catalytic characteristics alongside high selectivity in pyrolysis of WPEW to paraffinic hydrocarbons in the diesel-like fraction.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Combined Activated Carbon with Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst and MgO for the Catalytic Conversion of Waste Polyethylene Wax into Diesel-like Hydrocarbon Fuels

et al. 2022

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“…In light of this fact, many potential solutions have been studied, highlighting among them the use of waste instead of natural resources. The concrete industry, for instance, allows the use of large quantities of waste as a substitute for a conventional raw material, without sacrificing the technical properties of the product [4,5]. From a circular economy point of view, the benefit of this proposal is two-fold: The decrease of natural resource consumption [6,7], and the reduction of air, soil, and groundwater pollution associated with landfilling [8], which can negatively affect human health, environment, and biota [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Recycling Always the Best Option? Environmental Assessment of Recycling of Seashell as Aggregates in Noise Barriers

et al. 2020

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Waste recycling is an essential part of waste management. The concrete industry allows the use of large quantities of waste as a substitute for a conventional raw material without sacrificing the technical properties of the product. From a circular economy point of view, this is an excellent opportunity for waste recycling. Nevertheless, in some cases, the recycling process can be undesirable because it does not involve a net saving in resource consumption or other environmental impacts when compared to the conventional production process. In this study, the environmental performance of conventional absorption porous barriers, composed of 86 wt % of natural aggregates and 14 wt % cement, was compared with barriers composed of 80 wt % seashell waste and 20 wt % cement through an attributional cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment. The results show that, for the 11 environmental impact categories considered, the substitution of the natural aggregates with seashell waste involves higher environmental impacts, between 32% and 267%. These results are justified by the high contribution to these impacts of the seashell waste pre-treatment and the higher cement consumption. Therefore, the recycling of seashells in noise barrier manufacturing is not justified from an environmental standpoint with the current conditions. In this sense, it could be concluded that life cycle assessments should be carried out simultaneously with the technical development of the recycling process to ensure a sustainable solution.

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“…As substâncias perigosas presentes nesses resíduos podem degradar o solo, volatilizar e serem lixiviadas. Desta forma, estas substâncias podem ser transportadas para águas subterrâneas e superficiais, o que causa a contaminação dos corpos hídricos [1,5,[14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Recuperação de cobre e zinco de catalisadores exauridos.

Abreu¹

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Metal recovery from spent catalysts minimizes the volume of hazardous waste disposed of in landfills and is an alternative to conventional mining. The objectives of this dissertation are to characterize a spent catalyst residue used in the methanol synthesis process and to determine a route for copper and zinc recovery from this residue. The components that correspond to the active phase, promotor, and support of the spent catalyst were identified as copper, zinc, and aluminum, respectively. Which presented themselves as CuO, Zn3O(SO4)2, and Al2O3. The physical technique of separation through dense media, with the use of bromoform, and the pyrometallurgical techniques of reduction, zinc volatilization, and copper fusion were studied. Before the best techniques investigation, the spent catalyst was pre-treated by calcining and grinding. The parameters studied in the reduction and volatilization step were temperature, holding time, type of reducer, gas flow, and furnace rotation. In the melting step, the parameters studied were the proportion of the oxides Al2O3, CaO, and SiO2 and the amount of the fondant CaF2. The best zinc extraction obtained from the reduction and volatilization tests was 92.9% in a test carried out at 1100°C for 6 hours, with the graphite reducer, without rotation, and inert atmosphere with argon at 100mL/min. The purity of the condensed and recovered zinc in the cold finger was 80.9%. The best copper recovery test was the melt, which separated 72.4% of the metal from the rest of the sample with a purity of 73.3%. The result was achieved with the lowest proportion of silica and the highest proportion of CaF2. The sequence of techniques that presented the best metal recovery results was pre-treatment by calcining and grinding, followed by a step of reduction, zinc volatilization, and copper melting.

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Sustainable management of spent fluid catalytic cracking catalyst from a circular economy approach

Cited by 44 publications

References 26 publications

Combined Activated Carbon with Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst and MgO for the Catalytic Conversion of Waste Polyethylene Wax into Diesel-like Hydrocarbon Fuels

Combined Activated Carbon with Spent Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalyst and MgO for the Catalytic Conversion of Waste Polyethylene Wax into Diesel-like Hydrocarbon Fuels

Is Recycling Always the Best Option? Environmental Assessment of Recycling of Seashell as Aggregates in Noise Barriers

Recuperação de cobre e zinco de catalisadores exauridos.

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