Sustained influence of infections on prostate‐specific antigen concentration: An analysis of changes over 10 years of follow‐up

Abstract

While PSA has been previously shown to rise during acute infection, these findings demonstrate that PSA remains elevated over a longer period. Additionally, the overall infection burden, rather than solely genitourinary-specific infection burden, contributed to these long-term changes, possibly implying a role for the cumulative burden of infections in prostate cancer risk.

Trichomonas vaginalis infection and prostate‐specific antigen concentration: Insights into prostate involvement and prostate disease risk

“…Viewing our findings in the context of the longer‐term or cumulative influences of current and/or resolved infections rather than the acute influences of infection, our nonsignificant findings are consistent with those from previous cross‐sectional studies of nonlifelong infections ( T. vaginalis and syphilis) that observed null associations with PSA, but differ from those from other cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies that observed positive findings for C. trachomatis serostatus and histories of medical record–confirmed chlamydia and NCNGU diagnoses with PSA concentration and trajectories in younger men . However, in the latter study, positive associations were observed only when PSA trajectories were examined and not when only one PSA measurement was used (% with PSA ≥0.7 ng/mL = 38.3 for chlamydia, 39.6 for gonorrhea, and 31.7 for NCNGU vs 37.1 for controls without these infections; P = 0.772, 0.639, and 0.659, respectively). This latter finding is more in line with our findings and suggests that smaller long‐term changes may require longitudinal measurements rather than one cross‐sectional measurement to detect as statistically significant.…”

“…For the present study, we selected a random sample of 750 men with stored specimens in the DoDSR who met the following criteria: were less than 25 years old as of 1995, were HIV‐1 negative, had served on continuous active duty from 1995‐2006, and had multiple serum specimens archived within the repository, including one from 2004‐2006 . We used these criteria to ensure comparability with our broader parent study of STIs and PSA . For each of these men, we selected the most recent serum specimen collected from 2004‐2006.…”

“…28 We used these criteria to ensure comparability with our broader parent study of STIs and PSA. 21,29,30 For each of these men, we selected the most recent serum specimen collected from [2004][2005][2006]. Of the original 750 men selected for this cross-sectional analysis, we excluded 18 with insufficient serum remaining after PSA testing or those whose specimens were left overnight at room temperature during PSA testing, leaving an analytic study sample of 732 men.…”

Long-term consequences of sexually transmitted infections on men’s sexual function: A systematic review

“…As chlamydial infections are the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease, as expected, the majority (n= 20) of the articles dealt with Chlamydia trachomatis or related pathogens, followed by Neisseria gonorrhoeae (n = 7), Mycoplasma spp. While most of the articles discuss the general effects of sexually transmitted male genital tract infections, only five articles [10][11][12][13][14] dealt with the long-lasting effects of the infection. Three of these articles discussed chlamydial infections [12][13][14] and two various viruses [10,11].…”

“…While most of the articles discuss the general effects of sexually transmitted male genital tract infections, only five articles [10][11][12][13][14] dealt with the long-lasting effects of the infection. Three of these articles discussed chlamydial infections [12][13][14] and two various viruses [10,11]. In the male, depending on the pathogen, the health issues reported ranged from chronic prostatitis, vesiculitis or epididymo-orchitis, leading to hormonal imbalances and testicular dysfunction, with disturbed spermatogenesis eventually resulting in temporary or permanent infertility.…”