Sustained Treatment with Gibberellic Acid of Five Different Kinds of Maize

Nickerson, Norton H.

doi:10.2307/2394566

Cited by 59 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…The quantity of exogenous GA3 required to produce a sex reversal is dependent on genotype (17, 18) and is only effective in altering sexuality if applied prior to microspore meiosis (7). Results from a number of studies are consistent, however, and suggest that exogenous GA3 reduces maleness and promotes femaleness in the apical inflorescence of corn (7,15,17,18).A relationship between endogenous GAs and sexuality is also suggested by the behavior of certain single gene corn mutants. In anther ear (an,) and certain dwarf mutants (dl, d2, d3, dQ), male florets are observed in the lateral inflorescence, or ear, whlch is normally entirely female (16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Male florets become sterile, and functional female florets develop in the apical inflorescence, or tassel, where normally only male flowers would have developed (7,15,17). The quantity of exogenous GA3 required to produce a sex reversal is dependent on genotype (17, 18) and is only effective in altering sexuality if applied prior to microspore meiosis (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes of Endogenous Gibberellin-like Substances with Sex Reversal of the Apical Inflorescence of Corn

Rood¹,

Pharis²,

Major³

1980

Plant Physiol.

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In developing apical meristems of corn, the level of acidic, ethyl acetate-soluble gibbereilin (GA)-ike substances increased to a maximum of 108 micrograms GA3requivalents per kilogram dry weight of tissue at inflorescence initiation, and then fel rapidly. At anthesis, only a trace (0.2 microgram per kilogram) of GA-like activity remained in the apical (male) inflorescences, whereas moderate activity (32 micrograms per kilogram), mostly of a nonpolar nature, was present in lateral, female, inflorescences.A sex reversal of the apical inflorescence, from male to female, was elicited by reducing the ambient light intensity. Higher levels of GA-lke substances, particularly those eluting from a SiOe partition column in the nonpolar region, were observed at all harvests in the reverdng mer{stems; levels increased to 180 micrograms per kilogram at inflorescence initiation, then dropped to 122 micrograms per kilogram in the apical (female), reverted meristems. This increase in endogenous GA-ike activity with reversion to the female inflorescence is consistent with observations that (a) reversion can be obtained with exogenous application of GA3 and (b) maleness is enhanced in GA-deficient mutants of maize. Endogenous GAs may thus play a key role in the control of sexuaHty of corn.Along with an increase in plant height, one of the major morphological changes in corn following exogenous application of GA3 is an alteration of sexuality. Male florets become sterile, and functional female florets develop in the apical inflorescence, or tassel, where normally only male flowers would have developed (7,15,17). The quantity of exogenous GA3 required to produce a sex reversal is dependent on genotype (17, 18) and is only effective in altering sexuality if applied prior to microspore meiosis (7). Results from a number of studies are consistent, however, and suggest that exogenous GA3 reduces maleness and promotes femaleness in the apical inflorescence of corn (7,15,17,18).A relationship between endogenous GAs and sexuality is also suggested by the behavior of certain single gene corn mutants. In anther ear (an,) and certain dwarf mutants (dl, d2, d3, dQ), male florets are observed in the lateral inflorescence, or ear, whlch is normally entirely female (16). The mutants d3, d5 and an, appear to be GA-deficient, whereas the levels of endogenous GA-like substances in di and d2 are less than half the normal level (19).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 83%

mentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes of Endogenous Gibberellin-like Substances with Sex Reversal of the Apical Inflorescence of Corn

Rood¹,

Pharis²,

Major³

1980

Plant Physiol.

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“…One possible link between sex determination and meristem determinacy is the plant hormone, gibberellin (GA). GA has a well-established role in maize sex determination, as application of exogenous GA results in failure of carpel abortion in the tassel (Nickerson, 1959), and mutants in the GA biosynthetic pathway do not abort stamens in the ear (Bensen et al, 1995). GA is also required to promote FM identity in Arabidopsis (Okamuro et al, 1996(Okamuro et al, , 1997.…”

Section: Links Between Sex Determination and Meristem Determinacymentioning

confidence: 99%

bearded-earEncodes a MADS Box Transcription Factor Critical for Maize Floral Development

et al. 2009

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Although many genes that regulate floral development have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, relatively few are known in the grasses. In normal maize (Zea mays), each spikelet produces an upper and lower floral meristem, which initiate floral organs in a defined phyllotaxy before being consumed in the production of an ovule. The bearded-ear (bde) mutation affects floral development differently in the upper and lower meristem. The upper floral meristem initiates extra floral organs that are often mosaic or fused, while the lower floral meristem initiates additional floral meristems. We cloned bde by positional cloning and found that it encodes zea agamous3 (zag3), a MADS box transcription factor in the conserved AGAMOUS-LIKE6 clade. Mutants in the maize homolog of AGAMOUS, zag1, have a subset of bde floral defects. bde zag1 double mutants have a severe ear phenotype, not observed in either single mutant, in which floral meristems are converted to branch-like meristems, indicating that bde and zag1 redundantly promote floral meristem identity. In addition, BDE and ZAG1 physically interact. We propose a model in which BDE functions in at least three distinct complexes to regulate floral development in the maize ear.

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“…If a hormone is involved, then a possible candidate is gibberellic acid (GA), which has been implicated in the regulation of tassel branch number in maize. Application of high levels of GA reduces branch number in normal tassels and suppresses the phenotype of ra1 mutant tassels (Nickerson, 1959(Nickerson, , 1960. Paradoxically, some of the GA-deficient mutants have fewer tassel branches, and a low level of ectopically applied GA actually promotes tassel branching in these mutants (Evans and Poethig, 1995).…”

Section: The Ramosa Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Branching Out: The ramosa Pathway and the Evolution of Grass Inflorescence Morphology

McSteen

2006

Plant Cell

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Sustained Treatment with Gibberellic Acid of Five Different Kinds of Maize

Cited by 59 publications

References 27 publications

Changes of Endogenous Gibberellin-like Substances with Sex Reversal of the Apical Inflorescence of Corn

Changes of Endogenous Gibberellin-like Substances with Sex Reversal of the Apical Inflorescence of Corn

bearded-earEncodes a MADS Box Transcription Factor Critical for Maize Floral Development

Branching Out: The ramosa Pathway and the Evolution of Grass Inflorescence Morphology

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