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Catheter-based Mapping to Characterise Ventricular TachycardiaCatheter-based mapping of the left ventricle (LV) to characterise the substrate and origin of ventricular tachycardia (VT) was thought to involve a much greater level of risk and therefore not to be pursued.Mark proved the naysayers wrong with his careful and methodical approach to evaluating the LV endocardium.What made these early efforts even more remarkable was that left ventricular mapping was performed with a nonsteerable, quadripolar catheter. Sampling each of the '12 Josephson endocardial sites' with the catheter tip localisation guided only by fluoroscopy was frequently a daunting task but always accomplished. Abnormal, late, split and fractionated electrograms, diastolic activation and continuous electrical activity would become part of the electrophysiology lexicon in describing the VT substrate and circuit. [1][2][3] This early work also revealed the subendocardium to be a critical
Resetting with Fusion -the Hallmark of ReentryIn the mid-1980s Mark worked with a young trainee in his lab at that time, Dr Jesus Almendral from Madrid. They introduced extrastimuli during VT to characterise the resetting response of scar-related VT. 10,11 The ability to reset the VT after surface electrocardiogram (ECG) or intracardiac recordings had already indicated onset of activation (resetting with fusion) represents the hallmark of reentry. 12 The list of accomplishments and key observations goes on and on.