Sustentabilidad De Los Sistemas De Producción Agrícola: Una Revisión Sistemática De Las Metodologías Empleadas Para Su Evaluación

Abstract

<p><strong>Background</strong>. Currently, agricultural production systems are intensives and develop in a context of climate change, soil degradation, environmental pollution, and scarce resources. Thus, it is necessary to know the level of sustainability of agroecosystems and its implications in economic, environmental and social terms. <strong>Objective</strong>. The aimed of this research was to carry out a systematic review of the methodologies used to evaluate the economic, environmental and social sustainability of agricultural production systems (SPA). <strong>Methodology</strong>. The study was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyzes), a systematic literature study was carried out in the global databases ScienceDirect, JSTOR, SpringerLink, Dialnet, Google Scholar, Google Academic, using as search terms using the Boolean operator: “evaluation, methodologies, agricultural sustainability”. Zotero (www.zotero.org), a free access manager for bibliographic references, was used. In the case of Peru, the database of the Doctoral Program in Sustainable Agriculture of the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina (PDAS-UNALM) was reviewed. <strong>Results</strong>. Twenty-two frameworks or methodological proposals were found. Some frameworks and methodological proposals focus on the construction of indicators of environmental and economic sustainability and to a lesser extent social ones; others in defining sustainability indices, synthesizing values of economic, environmental and social indicators in a single numerical value; and another group that develop conceptual evaluation frameworks with a hierarchical structure of the indicators, start from attributes or objectives, perform the comparison of reference and alternative production systems, and due to their flexibility, they are applicable in different SPAs. In 88% of the sustainability study cases in Peru, the methodological proposal of "Multicriteria Analysis" was used, explained by its low cost, easy definition and interpretation of indicators and adaptable to evaluate the sustainability of most SPA from Peru. <strong>Implications.</strong> The application of methodologies to evaluate the economic, environmental and social sustainability of agricultural production systems are not rigid, in some cases they can be adapted or modified according to the criteria of the researchers based on the characteristics of the agroecosystems. <strong>Conclusions</strong>. For the evaluation of the sustainability of SPAs where a large amount of information with economic, environmental and social variables is involved, there are alternatives such as frameworks or methodological proposals that can be adapted according to the objectives, spatial analysis or their multidimensional nature. In cases of SPA sustainability analysis studies in Peru carried out between 2012 and 2020, it was found that 88% used the methodological proposal of Sarandón and Flores (2009) based on the "Multicriteria Analysis" and define the levels of sustainability with indices.</p>

Sustentabilidad De Las Fincas Productoras De Cacao en Santo Domingo De Los Tsáchilas, Ecuador

“…Pero hay quienes consideran que la producción orgánica aún está lejos de la idea real de una agricultura sustentable, que como se ha señalado anteriormente, debe ser económicamente rentable, ambientalmente responsable y socialmente aceptada (Sarandón et al, 2006;Galván-Miyoshi et al, 2008). Aquí, más que nunca, el "orden de los factores no altera el producto"; pero ninguno de los factores (léase dimensiones) puede faltar (Pinedo-Taco et al, 2021).…”

“…Según Sarandón (2002), los indicadores deben ser construidos en base a lo que se considera importante para la sustentabilidad y ser ponderados para brindar la mejor información. Según Pinedo-Taco et al (2021), el "Análisis Multicriterio" es una metodología muy empleada y su uso podría explicarse por ser relativamente de bajo costo, fácil de comprender y adaptable para evaluar la sustentabilidad de la mayoría de los sistemas de producción agropecuaria en algunos países latinoamericanos. Sin embargo, su uso supuso un aprendizaje durante el proceso mismo de la investigación, de manera especial durante la experiencia de construir de indicadores para los diversos sistemas de producción agrícola estudiados.…”

Exploring the Meanings of Food Sustainability: An Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis

“…This tool was applied in France and provided information about the three phases of consumption: acquisition, use, and disposal of waste, and the upstream and downstream phases of the consumption process, considering also the local and household ecological impacts [14]. However, the measurement of sustainability indicators presents a methodological diversity that makes their comparison difficult for the classically measured variables: economic, environmental, and social [15]. In Latin America, research on food sustainability is incipient, with measurements of sustainability indicators in research conducted in Colombia [16], Ecuador [17] and Brazil, among other regions of the geographical area, although the methodologies used to measure their variables do not present unified criteria, a factor which maintains uncertainty at the time of measuring food sustainability.…”

INDICE DE SOSTENIBILIDAD DE LA PRODUCCIÓN DE CAMOTE (Ipomoea batatas Lam.): ANÁLISIS MULTIVARIADO

“…Actualmente existen una gran diversidad de técnicas y propuestas metodológicas para medir la sostenibilidad de la producción de cultivos transitorios y permanentes empleando indicadores económicos, ambientales y sociales (Pinedo et al, 2021). Al respecto, la OECD (1993) plantea el modelo de presión-estado-respuesta (OECD 1993), el cual se basa en el establecimiento de variables que permiten medir hasta qué punto el sistema es afectado por las variables asociadas con la presión sobre el medio ambiente.…”