Svara James. 2007. “The Ethics Primer for Public Administrators in Government and Nonprofit Organizations”

Whistleblowing in the Public Sector: A Systematic Literature Review

“…Theoretically, the recent advancements in whistleblowing research have provided a rich context for the development of the theories of public and personnel management. As an academic theme, bureaucratic whistleblowing is associated closely with the birth of public service motivation theory (Brewer & Selden, 1998) and has been connected with existing theories such as social exchange (e.g., Taylor, 2018), accountability (e.g., Friedrich, 1940;Moloney et al, 2019), ethics (e.g., Bowman, 1980;Cooper, 1990;Menzel, 2016;O'Kelly & Dubnick, 2006;Svara, 2021), and bureaucratic politics (e.g., Lavena, 2016). Similarly, equal amounts of legal and practical attention have been paid to the protection systems (e.g., Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 in the U.S.; Public Interest Disclosure Act of 1998 in the U.K) through our long-standing discussion on the rule of law (Hill & Lynn, 2015).…”

Toward amicro‐levelperspective of organizational publicness: Felt organizational publicness in the eyes of state government employees

“…As shown in Figure 1, the value dimension relates to deontological ethics, the outcome dimension relates to teleological ethics, and the behavioral rule dimension relates to virtue ethics, which together form the triangle model of ethical analysis (Bowman & West, 2015; Svara, 1997). The purpose dimension in the middle suggests public duties—the fourth approach/source of ethics and is defined as “the obligations taken on when assuming a role or profession” (Svara, 2015, p. 18). Thus, organizational publicness is not only a cultural phenomenon but, more importantly, an ethical imperative.…”

“…Although four publicness dimensions—value, behavior, outcome, and purpose—are highlighted in Figure 1 from the ethical triangle perspective (Svara, 2015), the environment dimension is kept and depicted as “context.” Recent grounded theory literature argues that certain dimensions can be discovered as more important to the explanation of a phenomenon, while other dimensions can be more peripheral. Peripheral dimensions can be designated as context (the situation in where the core dimensions are embedded), conditions (dimensions that facilitate specific actions), process (intended or unintended actions that are impelled by specific conditions), or consequences (the outcome of actions) (Kools et al, 1996; Schatzman, 1991).…”

“…Although four publicness dimensions-value, behavior, outcome, and purpose-are highlighted in Figure 1 from the ethical triangle perspective (Svara, 2015), the environment dimension is kept and depicted as "context." Recent grounded theory literature argues that certain dimensions can be discovered as more important to the explanation…”

“…What matters in theorizing is involving and reporting all dimensions that emerged in data, before determining their relative importance (Glaser, 1992;Goulding, 2002; See also Romzek et al (2012) for an example in developing contextual relationships among dimensions derived from grounded theory analysis). In discussing the ethical triangle, Svara (2015) underscores the organizational environment, which offers the supportive context and/or constraints in promoting administrative ethics. The environment dimension is variable and modifiable across organizations, and therefore, it provides settings for ethical dimensions to be cultivated.…”