Sweat Gland Awakening on Physical Training: A Skin Capacitance Mapping Observation

Piérard-Franchimont, C; Pierard, Gérald

doi:10.15226/2378-1726/2/1/00107

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…When impedance decreases with frequency, compartments of the skin are modeled as a dielectric (capacitor in lumped parameter models) (Yamamoto and Yamamoto 1976, Grimnes 1983, Gabriel et al 1987, Martinsen et al 1997. Increasingly complex skin responses are represented with various non-linear models to stimulation frequency, current, exposure time, and environment conditions (Suchi 1955, Schwan 1966, Mason and Mackay 1976, Edelberg 1977, Grimnes 1983, Pierard-Franchimont and Pierard 2015. Nonetheless, for any given instant, skin current flow can be modeled by the effective resistivity of each compartment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Role of skin tissue layers and ultra-structure in transcutaneous electrical stimulation including tDCS

Khadka

Bikson²

2020

Phys. Med. Biol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background. During transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), current density concentration around the electrode edges that is predicted by simplistic skin models does not match experimental observations of erythema, heating, or other adverse events. We hypothesized that enhancing models to include skin anatomical details, would alter predicted current patterns to align with experimental observations. Method. We develop a high-resolution multi-layer skin model (epidermis, dermis, and fat), with or without additional ultra-structures (hair follicles, sweat glands, and blood vessels). Current flow patterns across each layer and within ultra-structures were predicted using finite element methods considering a broad range of modeled tissue parameters including 78 combinations of skin layer conductivities (S m–1): epidermis (standard: 1.05 × 10−5; range: 1.05 × 10−6 to 0.465); dermis (standard: 0.23; range: 0.0023 to 23), fat (standard: 2 × 10−4; range: 0.02 to 2 × 10−5). The impact of each ultra-structures in isolation and combination was evaluated with varied basic geometries. An integrated final model is then developed. Results. Consistent with prior models, current flow through homogenous skin was annular (concentrated at the electrode edges). In multi-layer skin, reducing epidermis conductivity and/or increasing dermis conductivity decreased current near electrode edges, however no realistic tissue layer parameters produced non-annular current flow at both epidermis and dermis. Addition of just hair follicles, sweat glands, or blood vessels resulted in current peaks around each ultrastructure, irrespective of proximity to electrode edges. Addition of only sweat glands was the most effective approach in reducing overall current concentration near electrode edges. Representation of blood vessels resulted in a uniform current flow across the vascular network. Finally, we ran the first realistic model of current flow across the skin. Conclusion. We confirm prior models exhibiting current concentration near hair follicles or sweat glands, but also exhibit that an overall annular pattern of current flow remains for realistic tissue parameters. We model skin blood vessels for the first time and show that this robustly distributes current across the vascular network, consistent with experimental erythema patterns. Only a state-of-the-art precise model of skin current flow predicts lack of current concentration near electrode edges across all skin layers.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They also demonstrated dependence on environmental factors (e.g. sweat) (Suchi 1955, Pierard-Franchimont andPierard 2015) including saturation by the electrolyte over time (Mason and Mackay 1976), and capacitive (Schwan 1966, Edelberg 1977) and non-linear (e.g. 'breakdown) responses to electrical current flow (Grimnes 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of skin tissue layers and ultra-structure in transcutaneous electrical stimulation including tDCS

Khadka

Bikson²

2020

Phys. Med. Biol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Comparative studies between the SkinChip R and Corneometer R showed a good correlation between the two devices, and deemed it a necessary tool for complete analysis and quantification of skin surface hydration [27,29]. The combination of skin surface imaging and detailed analytical quantification of corneocyte hydration provided by capacitance imaging has created new research opportunities in investigating SC hydration [30][31][32], sweat gland activity [33][34][35], skin microrelief and ageing [36,37], and the effects of topical applications [38][39][40]. The technique has also been used for diagnostic purposes or general examinations of skin physiology [26,27].…”

Section: Electrical-based Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Modern Techniques for the Assessment of Skin Hydration

Qassem

Kyriacou

2019

Cosmetics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Skin hydration is a complex process that influences the physical and mechanical properties of skin. Various technologies have emerged over the years to assess this parameter, with the current standard being electrical probe-based instruments. Nevertheless, their inability to provide detailed information has prompted the use of sophisticated spectroscopic and imaging methodologies, which are capable of in-depth skin analysis that includes structural and composition details. Modern imaging and spectroscopic techniques have transformed skin research in the dermatological and cosmetics disciplines, and are now commonly employed in conjunction with traditional methods for comprehensive assessment of both healthy and pathological skin. This article reviews current techniques employed in measuring skin hydration, and gives an account on their principle of operation and applications in skin-related research.

show abstract

“…However, there is a lack of papers published on the topic of evaluating the effect of pelotherapy on human skin by using EBI analysis. The research is typically performed by using commercial devices by just reading and processing the displayed values in situ [6,[47][48][49]. Impedance spectroscopy and analysis provide supplementary options for the characterization of the skin [50].…”

Section: Effect Of Curative Mud On the Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrical Bioimpedance Analysis for Evaluating the Effect of Pelotherapy on the Human Skin: Methodology and Experiments

Metshein

Tuulik

Tuulik³

et al. 2023

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Pelotherapy is the traditional procedure of applying curative muds on the skin’s surface—shown to have a positive effect on the human body and cure illnesses. The effect of pelotherapy is complex, functioning through several mechanisms, and depends on the skin’s functional condition. The current research objective was to develop a methodology and electrodes to assess the passage of the chemical and biologically active compounds of curative mud through human skin by performing electrical bioimpedance (EBI) analysis. Methods: The methodology included local area mud pack and simultaneous tap water compress application on the forearms with the comparison to the measurements of the dry skin. A custom-designed small-area gold-plated electrode on a rigid printed circuit board, in a tetrapolar configuration, was designed. A pilot study experiment with ten volunteers was performed. Results: Our results indicated the presence of an effect of pelotherapy, manifested by the varying electrical properties of the skin. Distinguishable difference in the measured real part of impedance (R) emerged, showing a very strong correlation between the dry and tap-water-treated skin (r = 0.941), while a poor correlation between the dry and mud-pack-treated skin (r = 0.166) appeared. The findings emerged exclusively in the frequency interval of 10 kHz …1 MHz and only for R. Conclusions: EBI provides a promising tool for monitoring the variations in the electrical properties of the skin, including the skin barrier. We foresee developing smart devices for promoting the exploitation of spa therapies.

show abstract

Sweat Gland Awakening on Physical Training: A Skin Capacitance Mapping Observation

Cited by 7 publications

References 15 publications

Role of skin tissue layers and ultra-structure in transcutaneous electrical stimulation including tDCS

Role of skin tissue layers and ultra-structure in transcutaneous electrical stimulation including tDCS

Review of Modern Techniques for the Assessment of Skin Hydration

Electrical Bioimpedance Analysis for Evaluating the Effect of Pelotherapy on the Human Skin: Methodology and Experiments

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About