Sweat testing for cocaine, codeine and metabolites by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Huestis, Marilyn A.; Oyler, Jonathan M.; Cone, Edward J.; Wstadik, Abraham; Schoendorfer, Don; Joseph, Robert E.

doi:10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00246-7

Cited by 106 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Calibrators, quality-control samples, and oral fluid samples were analyzed for COC and its metabolites by solid-phase extraction according to a previously published procedure (15)(16)(17)(18). COC, BE, EME, and CE calibraClinical Chemistry 49, No.…”

Section: Gc/ms Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity and Specificity of the Cozart Microplate EIA Cocaine Oral Fluid at Proposed Screening and Confirmation Cutoffs

et al. 2003

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Background: Oral fluid is currently being evaluated as an alternative matrix for monitoring illicit drugs in federally mandated workplace drug testing, for addiction treatment programs, and for driving under the influence testing. The sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency of the Cozart ® Microplate EIA Cocaine Oral Fluid Kit (COC ELISA) were determined by comparison with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) results at screening and confirmation cutoffs proposed in the US and UK. Method: Oral fluid was collected by expectoration after citric acid candy stimulation or with Salivette ® neutral cotton swabs or Salivette citric acid-treated cotton swabs before and after cocaine (COC) administration. Specimens (n ‫؍‬ 1468) were analyzed with the COC ELISA for screening and with solid-phase extraction followed by GC/MS for confirmation. Three screening cutoffs (10, 20, and 30 g/L) and four GC/MS cutoffs (2.5, 8, 10, and 15 g/L COC, benzoylecgonine, and/or ecgonine methyl ester) were evaluated. GC/MS limit of quantification was 2.5 g/L for all analytes. Results: COC ELISA interassay imprecision (CV; n ‫؍‬ 19) was 16% at 16.7 g/L and 12% at 81.8 g/L. With the 2.5, 8, 10, and 15 g/L GC/MS cutoffs, 59.0%, 54.7%, 52.7%, and 48.7% of the oral fluid specimens were positive, respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency were 92.2%, 84.7%, and 88.8%, respectively, for the suggested Substance Abuse and Mental Health

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Section: Gc/ms Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitivity and Specificity of the Cozart Microplate EIA Cocaine Oral Fluid at Proposed Screening and Confirmation Cutoffs

et al. 2003

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“…Part of the drug may as well be reabsorbed into the skin or degraded in the patch (Burns & Baselt, 1995;Donovan et al, 2011;Huestis et al, 1999;Kidwell et al, 1998;Kidwell et al, 2003).…”

Section: Determination Of Cocaine and Its Metabolites In Biological Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromatographic Methodologies for Analysis of Cocaine and Its Metabolites in Biological Matrices

Valente¹,

Carvalho²,

Bastos³

et al. 2012

Gas Chromatography - Biochemicals, Narcotics and Essential Oils

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“…The patch is worn on the chest, back or biceps for a period and then removed and analysed. Fast patches (91,92) are designed to be applied for up to 30 minutes and rely on heating to induce sweating for specimen collection. Other types are designed for collecting sweat for up to 14 days (89,93,94), thus, the cumulative drug exposure may be studied.…”

Section: Other Biological Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using biological samples in epidemiological research on drugs of abuse

Gjerde

Øiestad²,

Christophersen³

2011

Nor J Epidemiol

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Blood, oral fluid (saliva), urine and hair are the most commonly used biological matrices for drug testing in epidemiological drug research. Other biological matrices may also be used for selected purposes. Blood reflects recent drug intake and may be used to assess impairment. Oral fluid reflects drug presence in blood and thereby also recent intake, but drug concentrations in this matrix cannot be used to accurately estimate concentrations in blood. Urine reflects drug use during the last few days and in some cases for a longer period, but does not indicate the dose size or frequency of use. Hair reflects drug use during several months, but is a poor matrix for detecting use of cannabis. If using a single drug dose, this can be detected in blood and urine if the sample is taken within the detection timeframes, in most cases also in oral fluid. Single drug use is most often insufficient for producing a positive test result in a sample of hair. For cocaine and amphetamine, weekly use may be needed, while for cannabis a positive result is not guaranteed even after daily use. Refusal rates are lowest for oral fluid and highest for blood and hair samples. The analytical costs are lowest for urine and highest for hair. Combined use of questionnaires/interviews and drug testing detects more drug use than when using only one of those methods and is therefore expected to give more accurate data.

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Sweat testing for cocaine, codeine and metabolites by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Cited by 106 publications

References 34 publications

Sensitivity and Specificity of the Cozart Microplate EIA Cocaine Oral Fluid at Proposed Screening and Confirmation Cutoffs

Sensitivity and Specificity of the Cozart Microplate EIA Cocaine Oral Fluid at Proposed Screening and Confirmation Cutoffs

Chromatographic Methodologies for Analysis of Cocaine and Its Metabolites in Biological Matrices

Using biological samples in epidemiological research on drugs of abuse

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