“…The emergence of MLE and ME/MBE can be seen as an example of a more general phenomenon: the appearance of new 'urban contact dialects' (Kerswill & Wiese, 2022). There is now a wealth of research which describes the development of these varieties in countries such as Sweden (Gross & Boyd, 2022;Kotsinas, 1988), Denmark (Aasheim, 1997;Quist, 2008Quist, , 2022, Norway (Svendsen, 2022;Svendsen & Røyneland, 2008), the Netherlands (Nortier, 2008;Kossmann, 2017), Germany (Şimşek & Wiese, 2022;Wiese, 2009), and France (Cheshire & Gardner-Chloros, 2018;Gadet, 2022). Some of this work has also described the tendency for urban contact dialects to spread (or diffuse) beyond the speech communities in which they first emerge (e.g.…”