Swedish Women’s Experiences of Misogynistic Hate Crimes: The Impact of Victimization on Fear of Crime

Hagerlid, Mika

doi:10.1177/1557085120957731

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 54 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…97 In addition, research evidence shows that women learn to fear crime and victimization due to messages from family, friends, and media regarding their vulnerability. 98 Consequently, through social interaction and media consumption, women learn to consider the risk of victimization as an inherent part of their definition. To avoid these experiences, they use protective strategies such as not going out at night alone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Exploratory Study of Gender Role Stress and Psychological Distress of Women in Kosovo

Kelmendi

Jemini-Gashi

2022

Womens Health (Lond Engl)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Introduction: Although investigations of changing gender roles have been performed globally, most studies have been conducted in high-income countries, and studies from emerging and developing countries are lacking. This study aims to examine the factor structure of the feminine gender role stress scale among women (FGRS) and explore its relationship with psychological distress (PD). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 656 women from Kosovo using a convenience sampling technique during October 2017 and March 2018. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21 and Mplus 7.3. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and path analysis were used to understand the goodness-of-fit of the FGRS scale in the Kosovo context and explore the relationship between the FGRS scale and PD when treated as latent variables. Multivariance analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to understand the differences between groups of women based on employment and FGRS. Multinomial logistic regression was used to assess the prediction of different domains of FGRS for PD separately for each category while controlling for age. Results: After demonstrating that the five-factor model of the FGRS showed a good fit to the data in this sample of Kosovo women, analyses revealed that the FGRS domains (fear of victimization and behaving with assertiveness) were positively associated with psychological distress. Conclusion: The findings validate the usefulness of the FGRS scale in a sample of Kosovar women. The intersectionality perspective was used to interpret the importance of multiple layers of vulnerabilities and their coexistence, including education, socioeconomic status, and their implications for health inequalities.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Exploratory Study of Gender Role Stress and Psychological Distress of Women in Kosovo

Kelmendi

Jemini-Gashi

2022

Womens Health (Lond Engl)

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Quantitative studies show a substantial variation in the prevalence of misogynistic hate crime, with self-reported victimization varying from 17 to 78% of respondents (Perry 2011;Hagerlid 2020;Mason-Bish and Duggan 2020). Differences in sample size, operationalizations, and recruitment strategies are likely to account for most of the variation.…”

Section: Previous Research On Victims With Experiences Of Misogynisti...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the victims are repeatedly victimized, and the large bulk of incidents consist of sexual offenses, threats, and harassment (ibid.). Moreover, qualitative and quantitative research alike shows that women with experiences of misogynistic hate crime, like victims of other forms of bias-crime, report higher levels of fear of crime by comparison with nonbias victims and non-victims (Hagerlid 2020;Mason-Bish and Duggan 2020).…”

Section: Previous Research On Victims With Experiences Of Misogynisti...mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

“If you dress like a whore you have to accept being treated like one”: An Interview Study About Women’s Experiences of Misogynistic Hate Crime

Hagerlid

2023

Crit Crim

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The inclusion of gender in hate crime legislation has been the subject of scholarly debate since the 1990s, but only a handful of empirical studies have focused on victims’ experiences of gender-bias hate crime. Therefore, misogynistic hate crimes are primarily discussed as a theoretical or legal category of events. In this study, the aim is instead to shed light on how female victims define, describe, and are affected by their experiences of gender-bias hate crime. In doing so, the study contributes insights into misogynistic hate crimes as lived experiences, rather than as an abstract legal or theoretical concept.

show abstract

“…HMB such as microaggressions and hate crimes can leave the recipient experiencing a variety of mental and physical health problems (e.g., anxiety, anger, and fear) across victimized minoritized groups (e.g., Choi et al, 2022; Herek et al, 1999; Pezzella & Fetzer, 2017). This harm to victims often leads to individuals who experienced HMB feeling as though they are more vulnerable than victims of other types of crimes (Hagerlid, 2021; Herek et al, 1999). Moreover, Grinshteyn and colleagues (2022) found that fear of discriminatory violence is higher among minority (i.e., racial/ethnic, LGBTQ) or vulnerable (e.g., female) students compared to nonminority or lower risk students, respectively.…”

Section: Impacts Of Hmbmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Psychometric Investigation of the Hate-Motivated Behavior Checklist

Cramer

Cacace

Sorby

et al. 2022

J Interpers Violence

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Hate-motivated behavior (HMB) comprises a continuum ranging from microaggressions to criminal acts. The measurement of HMB is limited primarily to one or two minoritized groups in any given instrument. Current HMB research also lacks a way to assess the full range of acts and motivations for bias-based behavior. The present study fills gaps in HMB measurement by conducting a psychometric study of the Hate-Motivated Behavior Checklist (HMBC). The HMBC is a self-report instrument of HMB perpetration; the instrument also has sections capturing victim target group (e.g. race, sexual orientation, disability) and perpetrator motivation for HMB commission (e.g., perceived threat, impulsivity). We conducted an online cross-sectional survey of community-dwelling adults and college students ( N = 463). Measures assessed demographic information, HMB, and social-political characteristics. Confirmatory factor analysis, item response theory analyses, between-groups analyses (e.g., Analysis of Variance), and descriptive statistics were used to examine HMBC properties. Primary findings included (1) poor model fit of the HMBC behaviors score; (2) good model fit with high reliability for an HMBC behaviors score adapted to binary (no/yes) scoring; (3) men reported meaningfully higher HMB scores compared to women; (4) the most common target classification for HMB was based on political affiliation; and (5) perceived intrusion was the most cited reason for committing HMB. Our findings are an important step in refining the HMBC. The instrument represents a potentially useful tool for HMB research, surveillance, and intervention evaluation. Future directions in HMBC research include application to extremist and criminal samples, replication and extension of the binary scoring to include cut-score derivation, and validation against behavioral outcomes.

show abstract

Swedish Women’s Experiences of Misogynistic Hate Crimes: The Impact of Victimization on Fear of Crime

Cited by 7 publications

References 54 publications

An Exploratory Study of Gender Role Stress and Psychological Distress of Women in Kosovo

An Exploratory Study of Gender Role Stress and Psychological Distress of Women in Kosovo

“If you dress like a whore you have to accept being treated like one”: An Interview Study About Women’s Experiences of Misogynistic Hate Crime

A Psychometric Investigation of the Hate-Motivated Behavior Checklist

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About