Sweep Efficiency of Miscible Floods in a High-Pressure Quarter Five-Spot Model

Lewis, Ed; Dao, Eric; Mohanty, Kishore K.

doi:10.2118/102764-ms

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 20 publications

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“…Lewis. et al [26] established a quarter-five-point numerical model to study water, gas, and WAG flooding sweep coefficients. The conformance coefficients are calculated assuming that the oil displacement efficiency of gas flooding is 100%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Front Movement and Sweeping Rules of CO2 Flooding under Different Oil Displacement Patterns

Qi,

Zhou,

Lyu

et al. 2023

Preprint

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CO2 flooding stands as a pivotal technique for significantly enhancing oil recovery in low-permeability reservoirs. The movement and sweeping rules at the front of CO2 flooding play a critical role in its oil recovery, yet a comprehensive quantitative analysis remains an area in need of refinement. In this study, we have developed 1D and 2D numerical simulation models to explore the sweeping behavior of miscible, immiscible, and partly-miscible CO2 flooding patterns. The front position and movement rules of the three CO2 flooding patterns are determined. A novel approach of the contour area calculation method is introduced to quantitatively characterize the sweep coefficients, and the sweeping rules are discussed regarding geological parameters, oil viscosity, and injection-production parameters. Furthermore, the Random Forest (RF) algorithm is employed to identify the controlling factor of the sweep coefficient, as determined by out-of-bag (OOB) data displacement analysis. The results show that the miscible front is located at the point of maximum CO2 content in the oil phase. The immiscible front occurs at the point of maximum interfacial tension near the production well. Remarkably, the immiscible front moves at a faster rate compared to the miscible front. Geological parameters, including porosity, permeability, and reservoir thickness, significantly impact the gravity segregation effect, thereby influencing the CO2 sweep coefficient. Immiscible flooding exhibits the highest degree of gravity segregation, with a maximum gravity segregation degree (GSD) reaching 78.1. The permeability ratio is a crucial factor, with a lower limit of approximately 5.0 for reservoirs suitable for CO2 flooding. Injection-production parameters also play a pivotal role in sweep coefficient. Decreased well spacing and increased gas injection rates are found to enhance sweep coefficients by suppressing gravity segregation. Additionally, higher gas injection rates can improve the miscibility degree of partly-miscible flooding from 0.69 to 1.0. Oil viscosity proves to be a significant factor influencing the sweep coefficients, with high seepage resistance due to increasing oil viscosity dominating the miscible and partly-miscible flooding patterns. Conversely, gravity segregation primarily governs the sweep coefficient in immiscible flooding. In terms of controlling factors, the permeability ratio emerges as a paramount influence, with a factor importance value (FI) reaching 1.04. these results provide a theoretical foundation for the application of CO2 flooding, enhancing the understanding of the critical factors governing its success.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Front Movement and Sweeping Rules of CO2 Flooding under Different Oil Displacement Patterns

Qi,

Zhou,

Lyu

et al. 2023

Preprint

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From Intelligent Injectors to Smart Flood Management: Realizing the Value of Intelligent Completion Technology in the Moderate Production Rate Industry Segment

MacPhail

Konopczynski²

2008

All Days

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This paper is a case history which examines the successful application of Intelligent Completion (IC) technology in a cost sensitive, mature, onshore North American environment where an existing hydrocarbon miscible flood (HCMF) horizontal injection well was retrofitted to manage the injection support of two geologically distinct reservoir regions covering two well patterns. The value of IC technology is explored in this early deployment which saw a relatively low cost application targeted towards a mature asset. The beneficial results of this application of IC technology were measured in terms of well intervention cost savings and affected oil production. This paper presents a relative comparison of those benefits. Though this application of IC technology was originally justified by the avoidance of certain future well interventions to modify the injection profile, an analysis of the affected pattern production in the post-installation period showed that the benefit to the operator was appreciably more from enhanced reservoir management than from the cost savings which were associated with workover avoidance. Based on the success described in this case history, and reflecting upon the trends of intelligent well and smart field technology, the authors explore reasons for its relatively slow uptake in moderate production rate, brownfield applications. Large scale reservoir management of miscible flood projects using intelligent well and smart field technologies should provide significant value in terms of improved solvent/oil ratio through more efficient monitoring and management of the flood. This is probably the most compelling value proposition for IC technology application in moderate production rate land applications. This case history is intended to provide credible evidence of the benefit of IC technology in an application with cost challenges analogous to those faced by operators who are responsible for cost sensitive, moderate production assets. Secondly, it is intended to encourage the IC technology providers to develop more solutions for the brownfield segment of the industry, where profitability and value definition can be challenging. Introduction Intelligent completion technology provides the ability to partition a wellbore into distinct segments, and to monitor and control the flow of fluids into or out of each segment, upon demand, without physical intervention. The first integrated application of this technology took place in the North Sea in 1997, and to date, close to 600 wells have been equipped with intelligent well completions world wide. The key elements of intelligent well technology are packers or seal elements which allow partitioning of the wellbore, flow control valves, downhole sensors, power and communications infrastructure, and a surface data acquisition and control system to remotely gather data and actuate the flow control valves. The downhole sensors may be electronic or optical fiber based, and typically measure pressure, temperature or flow rate. The function of the flow control valves may be binary (on-off) or choking, and are typically adjusted by hydraulic or electro-hydraulic actuation systems. Each wellbore segment is usually associated with a separate hydrocarbon reservoir, a separate layer or compartment within a reservoir with complex geology, separate laterals in a multi-lateral well, or with segments of long horizontal wells. By using the capabilities of downhole monitoring and flow control, the flow of fluids into or out of the reservoir can be modified to restrict or exclude unwanted effluents, to commingle separate reservoirs in a controlled fashion (Konopczynski, 2003) and to improve the hydrocarbon recovery efficiency of the development project. Intelligent completions have been applied to production wells, injection wells, and dumpflood wells (Glandt, 2003) in offshore platform, subsea and land based locations.

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Sweep Efficiency of Miscible Floods in a High-Pressure Quarter Five-Spot Model

Cited by 2 publications

References 20 publications

Front Movement and Sweeping Rules of CO2 Flooding under Different Oil Displacement Patterns

Front Movement and Sweeping Rules of CO2 Flooding under Different Oil Displacement Patterns

From Intelligent Injectors to Smart Flood Management: Realizing the Value of Intelligent Completion Technology in the Moderate Production Rate Industry Segment

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