Sweeping technique combined with micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the simultaneous determination of flunitrazepam and its major metabolites

Huang, Chiung Wei; Jen, Hsiu Ping; Wang, Ren De; Hsieh, You‐Zung

doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2006.01.070

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…19‐fold improvements in sensitivity were achieved for retinoic acids. The second one deals with a sweeping technique using CTAB to improve sensitivity detection in flunitrazepam and its major metabolites in urine samples 35. In this approach the focusing effect is as follows: after a negative voltage was applied from inlet (cathode), the EOF, under the influence of the cationic CTAB surfactant, moved toward the outlet (anode).…”

Section: Approaches For Improving Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography: Methodological and instrumental advances focused on practical aspects

Silva

2009

Electrophoresis

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This article reviews the latest methodological and instrumental improvements for enhancing sensitivity and resolution in MEKC-based determinations. On-line sample concentration (stacking, sweeping and combination of two protocols) and other on-capillary approaches such as in-capillary derivatization and the coupling of flow-injection systems with MEKC are the most relevant methodological approaches discussed for improving sensitivity. At the same time, changes in the BGE through the use of organic modifiers, ionic liquids, cations, CDs, non-ionic and zwitterionic surfactants, mixed micelles, vesicles and carbon nanostructures as well as 2-D CE and chemometric techniques for enhancing resolution are also considered in detail. Two instrumental approaches such as MS and LIF are also discussed, covering the proposals for overcoming the difficulties arising from the direct coupling of MEKC with MS and the excellent detection sensitivity achieved by LIF using the typical argon-ion laser and recent growth in the use of diode lasers as excitation sources. Some thoughts on potential future directions are also expressed.

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Section: Approaches For Improving Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography: Methodological and instrumental advances focused on practical aspects

Silva

2009

Electrophoresis

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“…Another sensitive analytical technique, capillary electrophoresis combined with micellar electrokinetic chromatography, has been described by Huang et al [80] for the determination of fonazepam along with the other active metabolite, 7-aminoflunitrazepam, and their parent drug, flunitrazepam, in urine after isolation via SPE.…”

Section: Determination Of Fonazepam In Biological Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolites replace the parent drug in the drug arena. The cases of fonazepam and nifoxipam

et al. 2016

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Fonazepam (desmethylflunitrazepam) and nifoxipam (3-hydroxy-desmethylflunitrazepam) are benzodiazepine derivatives and active metabolites of flunitrazepam. They recently invaded the drug arena as substances of abuse and alerted the forensic community after being seized in powder and tablet forms in Europe between 2014 and 2016. A review of all the existing knowledge of fonazepam and nifoxipam is reported, concerning their chemistry, synthesis, pharmacology and toxicology, prevalence/use, biotransformation and their analysis in biological samples. To our knowledge, fonazepam and nifoxipam-related intoxications, lethal or not, have not been reported in the scientific literature. All the available information was gathered through a detailed search of PubMed and the World Wide Web.

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“…The method was applied to the characterization of oxazepam in a standard urine sample. Sweeping technique, in conjunction with micellar electrokinetic chromatography, has considerable potential use in clinical and forensic analyses of flunitrazepam and its metabolites in urine [105]. Capillary electro chromatography, which combines the high efficiency of capillary zone electrophoresis and the high selectivity of HPLC, has gained much attention.…”

Section: Capillary Electrochromatographymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview on Total Analytical Methods for the Detection of 1,4-Benzodiazepines

Uddin¹,

Victoria²,

Samanidou³

et al. 2014

Pharm Anal Acta

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Sweeping technique combined with micellar electrokinetic chromatography for the simultaneous determination of flunitrazepam and its major metabolites

Cited by 25 publications

References 14 publications

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography: Methodological and instrumental advances focused on practical aspects

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography: Methodological and instrumental advances focused on practical aspects

Metabolites replace the parent drug in the drug arena. The cases of fonazepam and nifoxipam

An Overview on Total Analytical Methods for the Detection of 1,4-Benzodiazepines

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