Swimming in turbulence: zooplankton fitness in terms of foraging efficiency and predation risk

Zooplankton community response to enhanced turbulence generated by water‐level decrease in Lake Balaton, the largest shallow lake in Central Europe

“…As mentioned earlier, moderate turbulence (e , , 5 3 10 26 m 2 s 23 ) stimulates (Saiz and Alcaraz 1991;Visser and Stips 2002;Visser et al 2009), while higher turbulence (e 5 10 23 2 , 5 3 10 26 m 2 s 23 ) inhibits, zooplankton swimming, prey detection, prey-predator encounter, efficiency of food collection and ingestion, gross growth efficiency, and postembryonic development Kiørboe and Saiz 1995;Peters and Marrasé 2000). And when the diameter of the smallest turbulent eddies comes close to the size of planktonic organisms, the increased turbulent shear forces can directly affect them (Reynolds 1992).…”

“…Moderate turbulence intensity is beneficial for zooplankton, because it increases the producer-consumer encounter rate, and improves consumers' capture efficiency, feeding, and growth rates (Saiz and Alcaraz 1991; Visser and Stips 2002;Visser et al 2009). High turbulence, however, interferes with the feeding current of the suspension feeders, erodes the remote detection of prey by their predators, inhibits their food ingestion, and increases their metabolic energy expenditures Kiørboe and Saiz 1995;Peters and Marrasé 2000).…”

“…High turbulence, however, interferes with the feeding current of the suspension feeders, erodes the remote detection of prey by their predators, inhibits their food ingestion, and increases their metabolic energy expenditures Kiørboe and Saiz 1995;Peters and Marrasé 2000). And finally, very high turbulence could disorientate the movement, lead to uncontrolled vertical drifting, and could even injure the largest bodied organisms (Reynolds 1992;Visser et al 2009). …”

“…Under these experimental conditions, zooplankton taxa showing the highest mortality were the same as those that were most susceptible in situ. Increased turbulence coupled with the water-level decrease is especially unfavorable for rotifer Keratella, the cladoceran Daphnia, Bosmina, and copepodit and adult stages of the calanoid copepod Eudiaptomus gracilis in this lake.Moderate turbulence intensity is beneficial for zooplankton, because it increases the producer-consumer encounter rate, and improves consumers' capture efficiency, feeding, and growth rates (Saiz and Alcaraz 1991; Visser and Stips 2002;Visser et al 2009). High turbulence, however, interferes with the feeding current of the suspension feeders, erodes the remote detection of prey by their predators, inhibits their food ingestion, and increases their metabolic energy expenditures Kiørboe and Saiz 1995;Peters and Marrasé 2000).…”

Optimal mate choice patterns in pelagic copepods

“…In natural copepod populations, male and female densities vary between and within years, as well as between populations and species (Mauchline 1998). Encounter rates with potential mates are highly variable and depend not only on mate availability but also on physical conditions like water turbulence (Visser et al 2009). The process of locating a mate is well studied in several species of copepods.…”