Swimming Injuries and Illnesses

Kammer, Christoph; Young, Craig C.; Niedfeldt, Mark W.

doi:10.3810/psm.1999.04.783

Cited by 26 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…A study involving German triathletes also noted a significant relationship between the number of weekly training hours and incidence of muscle and tendon injuries (p<0.05) 5051 52. Our study indicates that supraspinatus tendinopathy in swimmers is related to the amount and duration of load on supraspinatus tendons.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Shoulder pain in elite swimmers: primarily due to swim-volume-induced supraspinatus tendinopathy

Sein

Walton

Linklater³

et al. 2008

Br J Sports Med

202

242

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Background/hypothesis: Shoulder pain in elite swimmers is common, and its pathogenesis is uncertain. Hypothesis/study design: The authors used a crosssectional study design to test Jobe's hypothesis that repetitive forceful swimming leads to shoulder laxity, which in turn leads to impingement pain. Methods: Eighty young elite swimmers (13-25 years of age) completed questionnaires on their swimming training, pain and shoulder function. They were given a standardised clinical shoulder examination, and tested for glenohumeral joint laxity using a non-invasive electronic laxometer. 52/80 swimmers also attended for shoulder MRI. Results: 73/80 (91%) swimmers reported shoulder pain. Most (84%) had a positive impingement sign, and 69% of those examined with MRI had supraspinatus tendinopathy. The impingement sign and MRIdetermined supraspinatus tendinopathy correlated strongly (r s =0.49, p<0.00001). Increased tendon thickness correlated with supraspinatus tendinopathy (r s =0.37, p<0.01). Laxity correlated weakly with impingement pain (r s =0.23, p<0.05) and was not associated with supraspinatus tendinopathy (r s =0.14, p=0.32). The number of hours swum/week (r s =0.39, p<0.005) and weekly mileage (r s =0.34, p=0.01) both correlated signifi cantly with supraspinatus tendinopathy. Swimming stroke preference did not. Conclusions: These data indicate: (1) supraspinatus tendinopathy is the major cause of shoulder pain in elite swimmers; (2) this tendinopathy is induced by large amounts of swimming training; and (3) shoulder laxity per se has only a minimal association with shoulder impingement in elite swimmers. These fi ndings are consistent with animal and tissue culture fi ndings which support an alternate hypothesis: the intensity and duration of load to tendon fi bres and cells cause tendinopathy, impingement and shoulder pain.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Shoulder pain in elite swimmers: primarily due to swim-volume-induced supraspinatus tendinopathy

Sein

Walton

Linklater³

et al. 2008

Br J Sports Med

202

242

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most swimming injuries are due to repetitive microtrauma and overuse, with many of these injuries actually due to faulty technique. 10,11 Repeated microtrauma and overuse strain of passive and active components of the shoulder lead to diminished performance over a period of time (overuse) and can lead to acute injury, resulting in reduced ability or an inability to participate in the sport. In both cases, professional training programmes, and sport-specific conditioning are crucial in determining whether participation and performance can be optimised.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The shoulder joint is the most vulnerable to injury, as has been shown in many reports. 3,6,[8][9][10][11] To date very little research on the epidemiology of shoulder or other injuries in South African swimmers has been published in the scientific literature.Literature from several developed countries reveals information on the incidence, 1,2,7,8 and types 1,7,8,9 of shoulder injuries as well as the effects of training 7 on shoulder injury sustained in this sport. Most swimming injuries are due to repetitive microtrauma and overuse, with many of these injuries actually due to faulty technique.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shoulder injuries in competitive swimmers in KwaZulu-

Puckree¹,

Thomas²

2009

S Afr J SM

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Swimming is a popular recreational and professional sport code both locally and internationally. The South African swimming team represents South Africa at the Olympics and other world-level competitions. To ensure that these participants and those who will replace them on the world arena can function optimally, it is essential to keep them injury-free. In order to ensure that the best conditioning programmes are developed it is important to know the incidence and other related information pertaining to injury in these athletes. The shoulder joint is the most vulnerable to injury, as has been shown in many reports. 3,6,[8][9][10][11] To date very little research on the epidemiology of shoulder or other injuries in South African swimmers has been published in the scientific literature.Literature from several developed countries reveals information on the incidence, 1,2,7,8 and types 1,7,8,9 of shoulder injuries as well as the effects of training 7 on shoulder injury sustained in this sport. Most swimming injuries are due to repetitive microtrauma and overuse, with many of these injuries actually due to faulty technique. 10,11 Repeated microtrauma and overuse strain of passive and active components of the shoulder lead to diminished performance over a period of time (overuse) and can lead to acute injury, resulting in reduced ability or an inability to participate in the sport. In both cases, professional training programmes, and sport-specific conditioning are crucial in determining whether participation and performance can be optimised.When one considers the biomechanics of the shoulder joint and the demand placed on it during each of the swimming strokes, it becomes clear that a very high level of specificity in conditioning is appropriate. The structural limitations imposed by a shallow glenoid cavity together with a large degree of motion suggest the need for balanced muscle control at all times. 13The main power of propulsion is provided by arm action during the pull phase in all strokes, with the exception of breaststroke.14 Athletes, who use the arm for propelling, strain at the extremes of joint range in their drive for maximum performance. Design.A cross-sectional survey was conducted. A random sample of 96 swimmers from a pool of 300 swimmers registered with first-division clubs affiliated to the KwaZulu-Natal Aquatics Association participated in the study by informed voluntary consent. Data were gathered using a validated questionnaire.setting. Data were gathered at time trials, races and club meetings. Main measures.Variables monitored included the incidence of shoulder injuries, shoulder pain and proportion of overuse injury.results. Seventy-one per cent of the swimmers had shoulder pain and 64% reported injury to the shoulder. Forty-six per cent of the swimmers with pain complained of anterior shoulder pain, while 65% of all injuries were due to overuse. The commonest diagnoses included tendonitis (35%), muscle imbalance (29%), impingement (19%) and other (17%). Sixty-nine per cent of the swimmers ...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Shoulder injuries in competitive swimmers in KwaZulu-

Puckree¹,

Thomas²

2006

S. Afr. j. sports med.

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Swimming is a popular recreational and professional sport code both locally and internationally. The South African swimming team represents South Africa at the Olympics and other world-level competitions. To ensure that these participants and those who will replace them on the world arena can function optimally, it is essential to keep them injury-free. In order to ensure that the best conditioning programmes are developed it is important to know the incidence and other related information pertaining to injury in these athletes. The shoulder joint is the most vulnerable to injury, as has been shown in many reports. 3,6,[8][9][10][11] To date very little research on the epidemiology of shoulder or other injuries in South African swimmers has been published in the scientific literature.Literature from several developed countries reveals information on the incidence, 1,2,7,8 and types 1,7,8,9 of shoulder injuries as well as the effects of training 7 on shoulder injury sustained in this sport. Most swimming injuries are due to repetitive microtrauma and overuse, with many of these injuries actually due to faulty technique. 10,11 Repeated microtrauma and overuse strain of passive and active components of the shoulder lead to diminished performance over a period of time (overuse) and can lead to acute injury, resulting in reduced ability or an inability to participate in the sport. In both cases, professional training programmes, and sport-specific conditioning are crucial in determining whether participation and performance can be optimised.When one considers the biomechanics of the shoulder joint and the demand placed on it during each of the swimming strokes, it becomes clear that a very high level of specificity in conditioning is appropriate. The structural limitations imposed by a shallow glenoid cavity together with a large degree of motion suggest the need for balanced muscle control at all times. 13The main power of propulsion is provided by arm action during the pull phase in all strokes, with the exception of breaststroke. 14 Athletes, who use the arm for propelling, strain at the extremes of joint range in their drive for maximum performance. Design.A cross-sectional survey was conducted. A random sample of 96 swimmers from a pool of 300 swimmers registered with first-division clubs affiliated to the KwaZulu-Natal Aquatics Association participated in the study by informed voluntary consent. Data were gathered using a validated questionnaire.setting. Data were gathered at time trials, races and club meetings. Main measures.Variables monitored included the incidence of shoulder injuries, shoulder pain and proportion of overuse injury.results. Seventy-one per cent of the swimmers had shoulder pain and 64% reported injury to the shoulder. Forty-six per cent of the swimmers with pain complained of anterior shoulder pain, while 65% of all injuries were due to overuse. The commonest diagnoses included tendonitis (35%), muscle imbalance (29%), impingement (19%) and other (17%). Sixty-nine per cent of the swimmers...

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Swimming Injuries and Illnesses

Cited by 26 publications

References 22 publications

Shoulder pain in elite swimmers: primarily due to swim-volume-induced supraspinatus tendinopathy

Shoulder pain in elite swimmers: primarily due to swim-volume-induced supraspinatus tendinopathy

Shoulder injuries in competitive swimmers in KwaZulu-

Shoulder injuries in competitive swimmers in KwaZulu-

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