Swimming kinematics of rainbow trout behind cylinder arrays: the effect of vortex street periodicity and turbulence kinetic energy

Abstract

Fish in the wild often contend with complex flows that are produced by natural and artificial structures. Research into fish interactions with turbulence often investigates metrics such as turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) or fish positional location, with less attention paid to the specific interactions between vortex organization and body swimming kinematics. Here we compare the swimming kinematics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) holding station in flows produced by two different 3 x 5 cylinder arrays. We systematically utilized computational fluid dynamics to generate one array that produced a Karman vortex street with high vortex periodicity and TKE (KVS array), and another that produced low periodicity and TKE, similar to a parallel vortex street (PVS array). The only difference in swimming kinematics between cylinder arrays was an increased tail beat amplitude in the KVS array. In both cylinder arrays, the tail beat frequency decreased and snout amplitude increased compared with the freestream. The center of mass amplitude was greater in the PVS array than in only the freestream, however, suggesting some buffeting of the body by the fluid. Notably, we did not observe Karman gaiting in the KVS array as in previous studies. We hypothesize that this is because (1) vorticity was dissipated in the region where fish held station in this study and (2) cylinder arrays produced vortices that were in-line rather than staggered. These results are the first to quantify the kinematics and behavior of fishes swimming in the wake of multiple cylinder arrays, which has important implications for biomechanics, fluid dynamics, and fisheries management.