Swimming training and Plantago psyllium ameliorate cognitive impairment and glucose tolerance in streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic rats

Abstract

Brain malfunction is common in diabetic patients. On the other hand, a growing body of research points to the beneficial effect of medicinal plants and exercise training on insulin sensitivity and brain function. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of co-administration of swimming training and Plantago psyllium (mixed with standard pelleted food at a weight ratio of 5%) on learning and memory impairment and glucose tolerance in type 2 diabetic rats. For this purpose, 10 healthy and 40 rats with type 2 diabetes were randomly allocated to five groups: healthy sedentary control group (Con), sedentary diabetic group (D), diabetic group subjected to swimming training (D + Tr), diabetic group receiving P. psyllium (D + Ps), and diabetic group subjected to swimming training and receiving P. psyllium (D + Ps + Tr). Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide (120 mg/kg) and streptozotocin (65 mg/kg) separately with 15 min intervals. Experimental groups were treated with swimming training and P. psyllium independently and simultaneously for 12 weeks. Lipid profile and food intake were measured and also, glucose tolerance was evaluated by glucose area under the curve (AUCg) using an oral glucose tolerance test. Passive avoidance learning (PAL) and memory were evaluated by shuttle box test and cognitive memory was assessed by novel object recognition (NOR) and elevated plus-maze (EPM) tests. Diabetic rats exhibited a significant increase in food intake, lipid profile, and AUCg compared to healthy rats. Step-through latency in the PAL acquisition trial (STL-a) and retention test (STL-r) were significantly lower in diabetic rats than in the control group. In the diabetic group without treatment, time spent in the dark compartment increased compared to the control group in the shuttle box test. Discrimination index and distance traveled reduced in diabetic rats. On the other hand, swimming training and P. psyllium alleviated food intake, lipid profile, and glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. Also, the STL-a, STL-r, discrimination index, and distance travelled in the D + Ps + Tr group were significantly more than the diabetic group. Results showed that 12 weeks of swimming training and receiving P. psyllium improved memory deficit in streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic rats possibly through hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects. These results suggest that the administration of swimming training and P. psyllium simultaneously might be an effective intervention for the treatment of diabetes-induced behavioral deficits.

The effect of low- and moderate-intensity interval training on cognitive behaviors of male and female rats with VPA-induced autism

“…It is well known that exercise improves cognitive function, learning ability, and memory function [ 47 , 48 ]. Moreover, it has been shown that physical exercise can enrich memory deficits and social behavior complications and decreases hyperactivity in autism [ [49] , [50] , [51] ].…”

Study on the Effect of Dexmedetomidine on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Inflammation in Aged Rats

“…At present, there is no effective treatment for postoperative cognitive function. Many studies showed that the reductions of neuron number, cognitive related neurotransmitters, and corresponding receptors could cause the decline of cognitive function [ 10 , 11 ]. Other studies showed that surgical trauma was one of the high risk factors for the cognitive dysfunction [ 12 ].…”

Correction to: Swimming training and Plantago psyllium ameliorate cognitive impairment and glucose tolerance in streptozotocin–nicotinamide-induced type 2 diabetic rats

“…Following publication of the original article [ 1 ], the co-author “Kamal Ranjbar” would like to remove the following affiliation “Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran”.…”