Swine coronaviruses (SCoVs) and their emerging threats to swine population, inter-species transmission, exploring the susceptibility of pigs for SARS-CoV-2 and zoonotic concerns

Abstract

Swine coronaviruses (SCoVs) are one of the most devastating pathogens affecting the livelihoods of farmers and swine industry across the world. These include transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), and porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV). Coronaviruses infect a wide variety of animal species and humans because these are having single stranded-RNA that accounts for high mutation rates and thus could break the species barrier. The gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and nervous systems are the primary organ systems affected by SCoVs. Infection is very common in piglets compared to adult swine causing high mortality in the former. Bat is implicated to be the origin of all CoVs affecting animals and humans. Since pig is the only domestic animal in which CoVs cause a wide range of diseases; new coronaviruses with high zoonotic potential could likely emerge in the future as observed in the past. The recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing COVID-19 pandemic in humans, has been implicated to have animal origin, also reported from few animal species, though its zoonotic concerns are still under investigation. This review discusses SCoVs and their epidemiology, virology, evolution, pathology, wildlife reservoirs, interspecies transmission, spill-over events and highlighting their emerging threats to swine population. The role of pigs amid ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic will also be discussed. A thorough investigation should be conducted to rule out zoonotic potential of SCoVs and to design appropriate strategies for their prevention and control.

Development of a colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay strip using monoclonal antibody for rapid detection of porcine deltacoronavirus

“…Coronaviruses (CoVs) are existed widely among mammals and birds ( Tang et al, 2021 ). As globally important pathogens, zoonotic CoVs have a higher risk for cross-species transmission to humans and animals ( Thakor et al, 2022 ). We found that PDCoV can infect swines of different ages, while piglets are more susceptible.…”

A Serological Investigation of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome and Three Coronaviruses in the Campania Region, Southern Italy

“…Coronaviruses (CoV) are the most widespread positive-sense and single-stranded RNA viruses that infect wild and domestic animals as well as humans. The scientific community’s increasing interest in these viruses is due to their relevant economic impact and potential interspecies transmission [ 4 , 5 ]. Coronaviruses generally have a strong propensity to recombine and mutate, often allowing them to cross and overcome the host species barrier.…”

“…Four of them belong to the alphacoronavirus genus—transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TEGV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) —one to the betacoronavirus genus—porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV)—and one from to the deltacoronavirus genus—PDCoV [ 6 ]. Three of these (PEDV, TGEV and PRCV) have been described in European pigs [ 5 ]. PEDV is an RI-emerged alphacoronavirus responsible for acute enteric syndrome leading to malabsorption due to the atrophy of intestinal villus, diarrhea and vomiting [ 7 ].…”

“…It currently primarily results in subclinical respiratory infections, the severity of which is largely determined by individual factors such as coinfections and immunodepression. PRCV was considered nonpathogenic, and most studies concluded that it only causes sub-clinical respiratory infections [ 5 ]. All three viruses are responsible for massive economic losses, as well as representing potential sources of future CoV recombination events.…”

Historical Evolutionary Dynamics and Phylogeography Analysis of Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus and Porcine Deltacoronavirus: Findings from 59 Suspected Swine Viral Samples from China

“…At present, four SeCoVs have been identified, namely transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and severe acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV). Besides PDCoV, all other SeCoVs are alphacoronaviruses [ 10 ].…”