Swine Influenza A Outbreak, Fort Dix, New Jersey, 1976

Gaydos, Joel C.; Top, Franklin H.; Hodder, Richard A.; Russell, Philip K.

doi:10.3201/eid1201.050965

Cited by 112 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…In 1976, a classical swine (H1N1) influenza A virus caused severe respiratory illness in 13 soldiers in the USA (Fort Dix, New Jersey) resulting in one fatality (18). This outbreak was thought to pose a significant threat for the development of a pandemic.…”

Section: Unanswered Questions and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pandemic influenza - including a risk assessment of H5N1

Taubenberger¹,

Morens²

2009

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

170

186

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Section: Unanswered Questions and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pandemic influenza - including a risk assessment of H5N1

Taubenberger¹,

Morens²

2009

Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE

170

186

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“…Such transmission has been detected in North America, Europe and Asia, but may be more common than hitherto recognized. In 1976, 13 cases of classical swine H1N1 with one death was reported at Fort Dix, New Jersey and serological testing revealed the evidence of infection in many others at the same military facility [39]. This led to the USA-wide swine-flu vaccine campaign which was later aborted because of occasional side effects (Guillain-Barre syndrome), and even more importantly, because the anticipated swine-flu pandemic failed to materialize.…”

Section: Zoonotic Transmission Of Swine Viruses To Humans and Swinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV) H1N1 virus in humans

Peiris

Poon

Guan

2009

Journal of Clinical Virology

294

112

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A recently emerged novel influenza A H1N1 virus continues to spread globally. The virus contains a novel constellation of gene segments, the nearest known precursors being viruses found in swine and it likely arose through reassortment of two or more viruses of swine origin. H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtype swine influenza viruses have occasionally infected humans before but such zoonotic transmission-events did not lead to sustained human-to-human transmission in the manner this swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) has done. Its transmission among humans appears to be higher than that observed with seasonal influenza. Children and young adults appear to those most affected and also those who appear to maintain transmission. Clinical disease generally appears mild but complications leading to hospitalization can occur, especially in those with underlying lung or cardiac disease, diabetes or those on immunosuppresive therapies. There are concerns that the virus may reassort with existing human influenza virus giving rise to more transmissible or more pathogenic viruses. The virus appears to retain the potential to transmit back to swine and thus continued reassortment with swine viruses is a cause for concern.

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“…Human infection with variant influenza viruses has been associated with human-swine interactions in various settings, including agricultural fairs, farms, and other events where livestock and humans interact [25–29]. Other outbreaks of variant influenza viruses have resulted in limited or no human-to-human transmission [1, 25, 27, 28, 30, 31]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of an Outbreak of Variant Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Infection Associated With an Agricultural Fair—Ohio, August 2012

et al. 2015

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Background In 2012, one third of cases in a multistate outbreak of variant influenza A(H3N2) virus ([H3N2]v) infection occurred in Ohio. We conducted an investigation of (H3N2)v cases associated with agricultural Fair A in Ohio. Methods We surveyed Fair A swine exhibitors and their household members. Confirmed cases had influenza-like illness (ILI) and a positive laboratory test for (H3N2)v, and probable cases had ILI. We calculated attack rates. We determined risk factors for infection, using multivariable log-binomial regression. Results We identified 20 confirmed and 94 probable cases associated with Fair A. Among 114 cases, the median age was 10 years, there were no hospitalizations or deaths, and 82% had swine exposure. In the exhibitor household cohort of 359 persons (83 households), we identified 6 confirmed cases (2%) and 40 probable cases (11%). An age of <10 years was a significant risk factor (P < .01) for illness. One instance of likely human-to-human transmission was identified. Conclusions In this (H3N2)v outbreak, no evidence of sustained human-to-human (H3N2)v transmission was found. Our risk factor analysis contributed to the development of the recommendation that people at increased risk of influenza-associated complications, including children aged <5 years, avoid swine barns at fairs during the 2012 fair season.

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Swine Influenza A Outbreak, Fort Dix, New Jersey, 1976

Abstract: Published literature and events surrounding the outbreak are reviewed.

Cited by 112 publications

References 13 publications

Pandemic influenza - including a risk assessment of H5N1

Pandemic influenza - including a risk assessment of H5N1

Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV) H1N1 virus in humans

Investigation of an Outbreak of Variant Influenza A(H3N2) Virus Infection Associated With an Agricultural Fair—Ohio, August 2012

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