Switchable hydrophilic solvent‐based dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography for the determination of four types of sulfonylurea herbicides in soils

Synthetic antioxidants play a critical role in the storage and process of edible oils due to that they can retard lipid oxidation, maintain the quality of oils, and prolong the shelf life. However, a series of studies have proved the potential risks of synthetic antioxidants for human health when consumed in excess, and many countries have established the permitted amounts of synthetic antioxidants in oils. Thus, the accurate quantification of synthetic antioxidants in edible oils is necessary, and there have developed various analytical methods involved in chromatographical, electrochemical, and spectroscopic methods. Owing to the complex matrix and the incompatibility between the oil sample and the detection instrument, sample preparation is usually adopted prior to the instrument detection to improve the detection effectiveness. The current review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the recently developed sample preparation methods and analytical techniques applied to determine synthetic antioxidants in edible oils from 2010 to present, with emphasis on the sample preparation methods combined with separation-based analytical techniques such as capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography with various detectors. The advantages and limitations of some typical analytical methods are discussed and some insights in the future perspectives are also provided in this review.

Section: Disperse Liquid-liquid Microextractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current sample preparation methods and analytical techniques for the determination of synthetic antioxidants in edible oils

Wang

Liu

et al. 2022

“…Recently, a version of liquid-phase microextraction based on DES has been developed that by changing the pH, the DES enters the sample solution [31][32][33][34][35][36]. In this method, when the hydrophobic DES is added to the sample solution, it does not dissolve in the sample and accumulates on the surface of the test tube due to its lower density [37][38][39]. By adding a strong base and alkalizing the environment, DES is ionized and dissolved in aqueous solution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and characterization of pH‐responsive deep eutectic solvent followed by HPLC for trace determination of bisphenol A in water samples

Cao,

2023

A microextraction based on pH‐responsive deep eutectic solvent combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography was developed for the separation, preconcentration, and determination of bisphenol A in water samples. Five deep eutectic solvents were prepared using thymol (hydrogen bond acceptor) and 6‐, 8‐, 9‐, 10‐, and 12‐carbon carboxylic acids (hydrogen bond donor), and were used as extraction solvent. Herein, by alkalinizing the environment, phase transition takes place, and by adding acid, phase separation and extraction of analytes occur simultaneously. Some important parameters on the extraction such as deep eutectic solvent type, molar ratio of deep eutectic solvent components, deep eutectic solvent volume, potassium hydroxide concentration, hydrochloric acid volume, extraction time, and salt addition were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, intra‐ and interday precisions of the method based on seven replicate measurements of 10 μg L–1 of bisphenol A in water samples were 2.2% and 4.3%, respectively. The analytical performance of the method showed linearity over the concentration of 0.05–50 μg L−1 with the detection limit of 0.02 μg L−1. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by spiking different concentrations of bisphenol A in real water samples and obtaining relative recoveries in the range of 92.5%−105.2%.

“…Among these methods, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), that has been introduced in 2006 to overcome the problems associated with conventional liquid-liquid extraction (being tedious and consuming high volumes of toxic organic solvents), has gained an outstanding position [11,12]. In this approach, the extraction solvent is dispersed throughout the sample solution by means of a dispersive solvent, and the analytes are extracted into the produced fine droplets of extractant [13]. Ease of operation, providing high extraction recovery (ER) and enrichment factor (EF), and quickness are the main merits of DLLME.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combination of microwave‐assisted solvent extraction and effervescence‐assisted deep eutectic solvent‐based in‐syringe dispersive liquid‐liquid microextraction and its application in the extraction of triazine pesticides from apple samples

Safaei

Atazadeh

Mogaddam

2022

In the current study, a combination of microwave-assisted solvent extraction combined with effervescence-assisted deep eutectic solvent-based in-syringe dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction has been developed as a new sample pretreatment method. The offered method was used for the extraction of five triazine pesticides (atrazine, propazine, cyanazine, ametryn, and simazine) from apple samples before their determination by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. For this purpose, briefly, the apple sample was contacted with a suitable acidified extraction solvent and the mixture was exposed to microwave irradiations. Then, the supernatant was taken and mixed with a few microliters of a low-density deep eutectic solvent. The supernatant phase containing the extracted analytes was injected into a sodium bicarbonate solution filled into a syringe. Consequently, the effervescence reaction occurs and the analytes were extracted into the fine droplets of extractant dispersed throughout the solution.Afterward, an aliquot of this phase was analyzed by the chromatographic system. Satisfactory outcomes include high enrichment factors and extraction recoveries (67-87%), good repeatability (relative standard deviations equal to or less than 3.2% and 5.3% for intra-and inter-day precisions), and low limits of detection (0.4-0.7 ng/g) and quantification (1.4-2.3 ng/g) were acquired under the best experimental situations.