“…In the case of Pattani Malay as L1, the phonological shifts (listed in Table 2) that occurred included changing vowels, glottalisation of stop consonants, assimilation, deletion, and changing nasal features. It follows Chapakiya (2020), who stated that the phonological changes in Pattani Malay include assimilation, nasalisation, deletion, glottalisation, and changing vowels. The main factor of this phonological shift is the Pattani Malay typology (L1), which is close to the Bahasa Indonesia typology (L3).…”